一些角蝉发达的前胸背板具有电场感应功能

摘要：England SJ, Palmer RA, O'Reilly LJ, Chenchiah IV, Robert D. Electroreception in treehoppers: How extreme morphologies can increase

2025 年，一篇文章报道一些角蝉发达的前胸背板具有电场感应功能。这些前胸背板有的或多或少具有拟态、自卫、种内交流等功能，但电场感应功能普遍存在。

England SJ, Palmer RA, O'Reilly LJ, Chenchiah IV, Robert D. Electroreception in treehoppers: How extreme morphologies can increase electrical sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Jul 29;122(30):e2505253122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2505253122. Epub 2025 Jul 21. PMID: 40690666; PMCID: PMC12318218.

以下图片和说明文字取自上述论文，说明文字里的一些字母被我试验性地加粗以辅助读者阅读，读者可以对比有此处理的段落和无此处理的段落的阅读速度：

Macro photographs o f wi ld tree hoppers exem plifying a sma ll por tion o f t he morph ological diver sity se en i n t he Mem bracidae, photo graphed a t va rious lo cations ar ound Co sta Ri ca ( A – J a nd L ) a nd t he Uni ted King dom ( K ). ( A ) Po lyglypta co stata . ( B ) Po ppea ca pricornis. ( C ) An tianthe ex pansa. ( D ) Cl adonota ap icalis. ( E ) Bo cydium ma e. ( F ) En chophyllum s p. ( G ) He teronotus tri nodosus . ( H ) Al chisme gr ossa. ( I ) No tocera sp. ( J ) En nya ch rysura. ( K ) Ce ntrotus co rnutus . ( L ) Me mbracis me xicana .

T he n et elec trostatic char ges mea sured o n tree hoppers (N = 151), pre datory wa sps (N = 22), a nd mutua list b ees (N = 301). F or rain cloud plo ts, poi nts indi cate indi vidual mea surements; b ox a nd whi sker sh ow me dian, lo wer, a nd up per quar tiles, a nd ran ge; ha lf- vi olin sh ows dist ribution o f ea ch data set. Ver tical da shed li nes sig nify tran sition fr om nega tive t o posi tive char ge pola rity. Aste risks de note sta tistically sig nificant diffe rences (* P P Ple ase no te diffe rent ax es sca les bet ween plo ts. ( A ) N et char ges o f tree hoppers. Cla des in clude P. ca pricornis (N = 18), P. co stata (N = 9), No tocera s p. (N = 3), M. me xicana (N = 13), H. tri nodosus (N = 6), En chophyllum s p. (N = 3), C. ap icalis (N = 1), Bo lbonota s p. (N = 1), A. ex pansa (N = 55), A. gro ssa (N = 32), a nd Aco nophorini (N = 10). ( B – E ) Char ge chara cteristics o f pre datory wa sp spe cies ( re d) inclu ding Mi schocyttarus ba simacula (N = 14) a nd Mi schocyttarus c f. an gulatus (N = 8), a nd mutua list be e spe cies ( gr een), in cluding Sca ptotrigona su bobscuripennis (N = 144) a nd Te tragonisca an gustula (N = 157). ( B ) T he n et elec trostatic char ge f or indi viduals o f ea ch spe cies. ( C ) T he ne t elec trostatic char ge o f indi viduals grou ped b y rela tionship t o tree hoppers. ( D ) T he pro portion o f posi tive ( r ed) ver sus nega tive ( bla ck) n et elec trostatic char ge pola rities for indi viduals grou ped b y rela tionship t o tree hoppers. ( E ) T he n et elec trostatic char ge mag nitude o f indi viduals grou ped b y rela tionship t o tree hoppers.

Thr ee- dimen sional fi nite ele ment ana lysis mo del o f t he elec tric fie ld bet ween a typi cally char ged P. ca pricornis tree hopper wi th a nd wi thout i ts ex treme pro notum, si tuated o n a pla nt ste m, be ing appro ached b y a ty pically char ged preda tory wa sp, vie wed fr om va rious an gles. Co lor indi cates elec tric fie ld stre ngth, trun cated a t 2 kV ·m-1 f or cla rity. Gra y indi cates thr ee- dimen sional mo del geo metry. T he tree hopper repre sentation i s assi gned t he me an ne t char ge mag nitude mea sured f or P. ca pricornis (2.04 p C), the wa sp repre sentation i s assi gned the me an ne t char ge mea sured f or Mi schocyttarus ba simacula (-10.63 p C), t he pla nt ste m i s de fined a s elec trical grou nd. ( A – C ) La teral vie w, an terior vie w, a nd dorso lateral vie w o f tree hopper wi th ex treme pro notum, des cending, res pectively. ( D a nd E ) La teral vie w a nd an terior vie w o f a hypo thetical tree hopper wi thout ex treme pro notum. ( F ) Elec tric f ie ld stre ngth wi thin 0.5 m m o f t he tree hopper, wi th ( re d) a nd wi thout ( blu e) a n e x treme pro notum. De rived fr om cut lines tho ugh the mo dels ( be ginning fr om ti p o f supra humeral hor n f or tree hopper wi th ex treme pro notum, a nd fr om cen ter o f t he up per sur face o f t he tho rax f or tree hopper wi thout ex treme pro notum). No te lo g- sc ale y - ax is. Li nes smoo thed us ing gene ralized ad ditive mo dels.

Number of Poppea capricornis treehoppers that retreated from the summit of a wooden pole when exposed to treatment conditions (750 V voltage on, red, n = 20) and control conditions (voltage off, blue, n = 20), total N = 40. Asterisk (*) denotes a statistically significant difference of P

Scanning electron microscopy images of the various candidate electroreceptors found on treehoppers and their electromechanical response. ( A ) Distribution of the erect-type setae on the distal regions of the pronotum of P. capricornis . ( B ) Distribution of the pit-type setae on the proximal regions of the P. capricornis pronotum, with erect-type setae in the foreground. ( C ) Closer view of the erect-type setae of P. capricornis . ( D ) The reduced antenna of P. capricornis , found on the face (anterior head surface) of the insect. ( E ) Closer view of an erect-type seta on the pronotum of P. capricornis , showing the articulation in the cuticle of the pronotum. ( F ) Closer view of a pit-type seta on the pronotum of P. capricornis . ( G ) The pit-type setae found on the pronotum of Umbonia crassicornis . ( H ) The pit-type setae found on the wing of Bocydium globulare . ( I ) Electromechanical responses of the pronotal erect-type setae of P. capricornis (red), the surrounding cuticle (blue), and the surrounding air (black), to a 182 Hz sinusoidal electric field, as measured by laser Doppler vibrometry. Each line represents mean response of five individuals (N = 5).

Numerically derived sensitivity contours for the erect-type setae ( A ) and pit-type setae ( B ) found on the treehopper pronotum. Boxes show approximations of sensilla geometry with setae colored red and cuticle in black. Threshold defining sensitivity contours is set to an angular deflection (θ) of 0.001 rad, caused by an external point charge, qpequal in magnitude but opposite in polarity to the charge on the seta tip, qh. Distances are given relative to seta length. Qsis the total charge on the surrounding cuticle, relative to qh. Dashed lines denote positive angular deflection, solid lines denote negative angular deflection. Line colors indicate varying relative charging between cuticle and seta. ( C ) Numerically derived relation for the angular deflection (θ) of a pit-type seta as the total charge of the pit cuticle, Qs, increases relative to the charge on the seta tip qh.

我认为这件事教育我们，当生物身上的一个东西远看像天线、近看像天线、里面有神经或其他能够利用电场信号的结构，有兴趣的人最好去测测那玩意是不是天线。

地球上大抵还有许多生物身上有天线。许多人在了解鲨鱼、电鳗等水生动物时知道了它们具有电场感应功能。在陆地上，花的微电场对蜜蜂等传粉昆虫有用。更多案例有待研究。

来源：时空探险家

标签：背板电场前胸背板角蝉电场感应

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