英汉双语阅读100:真假化石傻傻分不清?这里有答案!

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摘要:Taphonomy is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the fossilization process. Fossils are preserved by three main methods: un

高效记单词:《新概念英语1词汇专练》

英汉双语阅读99:你的耳朵藏着这么大秘密,你知道吗?

一、生词准备

1. taphonomy:[tæˈfɒnəmi],n.,埋藏学

2. paleontology:[ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒi],n.,古生物学

3. fossilization:[ˌfɒsəlaɪˈzeɪʃn],n.,化石化;成化石作用

4. fossil:[ˈfɒsl],n.,化石

5. unaltered:[ʌnˈɔːltəd],adj.,未改变的;未被触动过的;未受腐蚀的

6. amber:[ˈæmbə(r)],n.,琥珀

7. resin:[ˈrezɪn],n.,树脂

8. amphibian:[æmˈfɪbiən],n.,两栖动物;adj.,两栖的

9. mummified:[ˈmʌmɪfaɪd],adj.,制成木乃伊的;干瘪的

10. residue:[ˈrezɪdjuː],n.,残余;残渣;剩余物

11. biochemical:[ˌbaɪəʊˈkemɪkl],adj.,生物化学的

12. sedimentary:[ˌsedɪˈmentri],adj.,沉积的;沉淀性的

13. paleontologist:[ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst],n.,古生物学家

14. apatite:[ˈæpətaɪt],n.,磷灰石

15. exoskeleton:[ˈeksəskelɪtn],n.,外骨骼

16. calcite:[ˈkælsaɪt],n.,方解石

17. aragonite:[əˈræɡənaɪt],n.,霰石;文石

18. opal:[ˈəʊpl],n.,蛋白石;猫眼石;乳白玻璃

19. polymorph:[ˈpɒlimɔːf],n.,多形体;多晶型物

20. chitin:[ˈkaɪtɪn],n.,几丁质;甲壳质

21. permineralized:[ˌpɜːmɪnərəlaɪzd],adj.,(化石等)矿质充填的;全矿化的

22. recrystallized:[ˌriːˈkrɪstəlaɪzd],adj.,再结晶的;重结晶的

23. replaced:[rɪˈpleɪst],adj.,被替换的;被取代的

24. carbonized:[ˈkɑːbənaɪzd],adj.,碳化的;渗碳的

25. dissolved:[dɪˈzɒlvd],adj.,溶解的;溶化的

26. trace fossil:[treɪs ˈfɒsl],n.,遗迹化石

27. coprolite:[ˈkɒprəlaɪt],n.,粪化石

28. gastrolith:[ˈɡæstrəʊlɪθ],n.,胃石

29. diagenesis:[ˌdaɪəˈdʒenɪsɪs],n.,成岩作用;岩石成因

30. pseudofossil:[ˌsjuːdəʊˈfɒsl],n.,假化石

二、短文内容

Taphonomy is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the fossilization process. Fossils are preserved by three main methods: unaltered soft or hard parts, altered hard parts, and trace fossils.

Unaltered fossils are rare except as captured in amber, trapped in tar, dried out, or frozen as a preserved wooly mammoth. Amber is the fossilized tree resin that can trap flowers, worms, insects, and small amphibians and mammals. The father of one of the authors was part of a gold mining operation that discovered a wooly mammoth calf (nicknamed Effie) in Alaska. This was the first mummified mammoth remains found in North America. Even though it was buried about 21,300 years ago, it still consists of tissue and hair. Sometimes, only organic residue is left behind and is detected by molecular, biochemical techniques. Earth’s oldest fossils are only preserved as complex organic molecules.

Soft tissue is hard to preserve because it needs to be buried before bacterial decay can occur. This preservation occurs when remains are buried rapidly in an oxygen-free, low-energy sedimentary environment. Since these conditions are uncommon, the preservation of soft tissue rarely happens. Instead, typical examples of unaltered fossils are skeletal material that has been preserved with little or no change. Many marine invertebrate fossils and microfossils were preserved in this manner. However, paleontologists are now looking closer at fossils and recognizing thin carbon layers in the rock around fossils as soft tissue. Recently, a team led by Mark Norell, a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, identified a layer of carbon around dinosaur embryos formed over 200 million years ago that they think was a soft eggshell!

Unaltered fossils contain minerals that were biologically produced; these include apatite (in bones and teeth and rarely in exoskeletons, hardness = 5), calcite (calcium carbonate found in many organisms such as shells, hardness = 3, fizzes in acid), aragonite (similar to calcite, but an unstable polymorph) and opal (a type of silica found in marine animals and plants, hardness = 7). In addition, the hard parts (exoskeleton) of some insects and arthropods are made of chitin, a polysaccharide related to cellulose. If you can identify the minerals present in a fossil, you can distinguish if it is original material or altered.

Alteration of hard parts is much more common in fossils and happens when original skeletal material is either permineralized, recrystallized, replaced, carbonized, or dissolved.

Trace fossils are not really fossils but the evidence that organisms affected the sediment by burrowing, walking, or even leaving behind excrement or vomit. No kidding, there is fossil poop; this kind of trace fossil is called a “coprolite,” from the Greek word kopros, meaning dung. One last rare type of trace fossil is gastroliths, extremely smooth polished stones that aided digestion in dinosaurs and crocodilia. These are more highly polished than stream-worn gravels. Gastroliths found in Jurassic sediments in Wyoming may have been carried by sauropods over 1600 kilometers from their source in Wisconsin.

If you ever get asked by a friend to help identify a fossil, watch out for pseudofossils, which are accidents of diagenesis that look like a fossil but are just weird sedimentary formations. Pseudofossils include septarian nodules that are mistaken for reptile skin or turtle shells, concretions are mistaken for eggs, and manganese oxide dendrites mistaken for ferns moss.

三、短文注释

1. taphonomy:古生物学的一个分支,主要研究化石的形成过程,包括生物体死亡后的埋藏、保存、石化等一系列过程。

2. fossilization process:化石形成过程,涉及生物体从死亡到变成化石的各个阶段,如被掩埋、矿物质替换等。

3. unaltered soft or hard parts:未改变的软质或硬质部分,指生物体的组织或骨骼等在化石形成过程中没有经过明显的化学或物理变化而保存下来。

4. altered hard parts:改变的硬质部分,意味着生物体的硬组织在化石形成过程中经历了化学或物理变化,如矿物质的替换、重结晶等。

5. trace fossils:遗迹化石,是指古代生物活动所留下的痕迹形成的化石,如足迹、洞穴、粪便等,它们能提供有关生物行为和生态的信息。

6. amber:琥珀,是一种由树脂化石形成的物质,能够很好地保存生物体,因为它可以阻止生物体与外界环境接触,减缓腐烂过程。

7. wooly mammoth:猛犸象,一种生活在冰河时期的大型哺乳动物,身上长有浓密的毛发,其化石在寒冷地区常有发现。

8. mummified remains:木乃伊化的遗体,指生物体的遗体经过特殊的自然条件处理,干燥脱水后得以保存,就像古埃及的木乃伊一样。

9. oxygen - free, low - energy sedimentary environment:无氧、低能的沉积环境,这种环境有利于化石的保存,因为缺乏氧气可以抑制细菌的活动,减少生物体的分解,低能环境则意味着沉积物的搅动较少,有助于生物体的埋藏和保存。

10. marine invertebrate fossils:海洋无脊椎动物化石,海洋中没有脊椎的动物形成的化石,如贝类、珊瑚等,它们在海洋生态系统中占据着重要的地位,其化石对于研究古代海洋生态和生物演化具有重要意义。

11. microfossils:微化石,是指非常小的化石,通常需要借助显微镜才能观察到,它们可以是单细胞生物的化石,也可以是大型生物的微小部分,如花粉、孢子等,对于研究古代生态环境和生物多样性有重要作用。

12. biologically produced minerals:生物产生的矿物质,指生物体在生命活动过程中形成的矿物质,如骨骼中的磷灰石、贝壳中的方解石等,这些矿物质的形成与生物体的生理过程密切相关。

13. permineralization:矿质充填作用,是化石形成的一种常见方式,当地下水携带的矿物质渗入生物体的孔隙中并沉淀下来,就会使生物体的组织变硬并保存下来。

14. recrystallization:重结晶作用,在化石形成过程中,原来的矿物质晶体结构发生改变,重新结晶形成新的晶体结构,这可能会改变化石的外观和物理性质。

15. replacement:置换作用,是指原来生物体的矿物质被其他矿物质所取代,而生物体的形态和结构则被保留下来,这一过程可以使化石在不同的地质环境中得以保存。

16. carbonization:碳化作用,生物体中的有机物质在缺氧条件下被分解,只留下碳质薄膜,通常可以保存生物体的外形轮廓,许多植物化石和一些动物化石的软组织部分就是通过碳化作用保存下来的。

17. coprolite:粪化石,是古代生物粪便形成的化石,通过研究粪化石可以了解古代生物的饮食习惯和生态环境。

18. gastroliths:胃石,是一些动物胃中的光滑石头,用于帮助研磨食物,在恐龙和鳄鱼等动物中较为常见,其化石可以为研究这些动物的消化系统和生活习性提供线索。

19. pseudofossils:假化石,是指看起来像化石但实际上是由地质作用形成的岩石或矿物结构,它们与真正的化石不同,不是由生物遗体或遗迹形成的。

20. diagenesis:成岩作用,是指沉积物在埋藏后逐渐转变为岩石的过程,这一过程涉及到物理、化学和生物等多种作用,假化石通常是在成岩作用过程中偶然形成的。

21. organic residue:有机残余物,指生物体在经历各种过程后残留下来的有机物质,这些物质可能包含生物分子,对于研究古代生物的化学成分和生命活动具有重要价值。

22. molecular, biochemical techniques:分子、生化技术,用于检测和分析生物分子的技术,如通过这些技术可以识别化石中的有机残余物,了解古代生物的遗传信息和生物化学特征。

23. thin carbon layers:薄碳层,在化石周围的岩石中发现的很薄的碳质层,可能是生物体软组织在碳化过程中形成的,对于研究化石的保存状态和古代生物的软组织结构有重要意义。

24. dinosaur embryos:恐龙胚胎,指恐龙未孵化的幼体,其化石对于研究恐龙的繁殖、发育和进化具有重要价值,能帮助我们了解恐龙的生命历程和生态习性。

25. exoskeleton:外骨骼,是一些动物体表的坚硬结构,如昆虫和节肢动物的外壳,它可以提供保护和支持,同时也是这些动物化石的重要组成部分。

26. chitin:几丁质,是一种多糖,存在于昆虫和节肢动物的外骨骼中,与纤维素有关,它使得外骨骼具有一定的强度和韧性。

27. polysaccharide:多糖,是由多个单糖分子组成的碳水化合物,如几丁质、纤维素等,在生物体内具有多种功能,如结构支持、能量储存等。

28. septarian nodules:龟背石结核,是一种在沉积岩中形成的圆形或椭圆形的岩石结构,其表面有类似龟壳的裂纹,常被误认为是化石,如被误认成爬行动物的皮肤或龟壳。

29. concretions:结核,是在沉积物中由矿物质围绕一个核心沉淀形成的块状物,形状和大小各异,有时会被误认为是化石,比如被错当成蛋化石。

30. manganese oxide dendrites:氧化锰树枝状晶体,是一种由氧化锰形成的树枝状矿物结构,常出现在岩石表面,看起来像植物的枝叶,容易被误认为是蕨类植物或苔藓的化石。

【Source】www.uhlibraries.pressbooks.pub

【Translated by】Spark Liao (廖怀宝)

【Illustration】From Bing

来源:沪上英语教与学

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