摘要：当前，全球可持续发展进程在复杂地缘政治格局下推进受阻，可持续发展目标的实现面临多边机制弱化、气候治理倒退等多重挑战，而中小经济体与新兴经济体在维护多边体系中的作用愈发关键。在此背景下，可持续发展与国际关系、经济增长如何实现协同？多边主义未来将走向何种形态以适配
文 | 新浪财经李欣然、刘浩（实习）
当前，全球可持续发展进程在复杂地缘政治格局下推进受阻，可持续发展目标的实现面临多边机制弱化、气候治理倒退等多重挑战，而中小经济体与新兴经济体在维护多边体系中的作用愈发关键。在此背景下，可持续发展与国际关系、经济增长如何实现协同？多边主义未来将走向何种形态以适配21世纪全球治理需求？近日，新浪财经对话国际关系与可持续发展中心（CIRSD）主席、塞尔维亚前外交部长、第67届联合国大会主席武克·耶雷米奇（Vuk Jeremić），共同深入探讨全球可持续发展的核心难题、气候行动与经济发展的平衡之道，以及多边主义在推动人类可持续进步中的关键价值与演进方向。
以下为对话实录：
Q: 国际关系与可持续发展中心（CIRSD）一直处于全球推动可持续发展的前沿。您如何看待国际关系与可持续发展之间的联系？您认为当前国际形势对可持续发展有何影响？
A: 自 2012 年以来，我担任过多个职务。其中最值得一提的，是我在担任联合国大会主席期间，主持了由具有历史意义的 “里约 + 20” 峰会授权的谈判——我亲眼见证了将可持续发展纳入全球议程的复杂性与重要性。此番谈判最终促使各国在2015年一致采纳了联合国可持续发展目标（Sustainable Development Goals，以下简称SDGs），成为了有史以来开展过的最复杂的多边努力之一。
可持续发展完全是一个整体性概念，涵盖社会、经济和环境三个维度，且具有普遍性。无论发达国家还是发展中国家，地处北半球还是南半球，政治体制或历史背景如何，均适用这一概念。没有任何国家能孤立实现可持续发展目标；这些挑战本质上是全球性的，且存在相互依存的关系。
这意味着国际合作并非是一项选择，而是不可或缺的一环。政府必须发挥主导作用，但要取得成功，还需要私营部门、学术界、公民社会及其他利益相关方的积极参与。遗憾的是，当前全球格局以地缘政治竞争和分裂为特征，这可能会阻碍可持续发展的进程。因此，我们必须加倍致力于对话与多边主义。只有通过共同努力，我们才有望实现本世纪SDGs所承载的宏伟愿景。
Q：作为第 67 届联合国大会主席，您在全球治理体系构建中发挥了关键作用。您认为当前可持续发展面临的最重大挑战是什么？您认为中小经济体和新兴经济体在推动可持续发展方面应发挥怎样的作用？
A：我时常将当今时代描述为 “地缘政治衰退期”。与经济周期类似，地缘政治也有繁荣与衰退的阶段，但地缘政治衰退的持续时间更长 —— 往往可达数十年。在这样的负面周期中，大国之间的信任逐渐瓦解，多边主义的弱化，国际关系变得更具交易性和双边性，而共同目标则沦为了牺牲品。
这一趋势造成的一大严重后果是国际组织的效能受损。如今，联合国及其他多边机构难以有效履行职责，导致一些人质疑它们的现实意义。尽管这种不满可以理解，但抛弃联合国将是一个严重的错误，因为目前没有一家机构能拥有联合国所具备的普遍性与合法性。
尽管中小经济体和新兴经济体影响大国竞争的能力有限，但它们在维护多边体系方面发挥着关键作用。这些经济体应坚定支持那些促成SDGs通过的原则，并倡导改革，使多边机构更能反映 21 世纪的现实情况。通过这样的行动，这些国家可以拧成一股绳，确保全球治理始终立足于合作而非对抗。耐心与坚持，是维系可持续发展议程的关键。
Q：气候变化仍是当今时代最紧迫的问题之一。目前，部分国家和地区在气候治理方面出现了倒退现象。您如何看待气候行动与经济发展之间的关系？您认为我们应如何推进气候治理？
A：气候变化是当今时代的标志性挑战，它对经济发展（尤其是脆弱地区的经济发展）的影响不容小觑。现实情况是，若气候变化得不到遏制，经济体将遭到破坏、贫困现象加剧，可持续发展领域来之不易的成果也将由此削弱。相反，大胆的气候行动能够激发创新、推动经济增长，尤其是在可再生能源、绿色技术和可持续基础设施等领域。
然而，我们也必须承认，全球一些关键国家的内部政治态势正在发生变化。国内政治变动已导致部分国家重新考虑甚至推翻长期以来的气候承诺。尽管这一现象令人遗憾，但此类发展往往超出外部影响力所能干预的范围。国际社会不应一味惋惜这些变化，而应务实调整策略 —— 聚焦可实现的目标，推动包容性合作。
我们的目标应始终以科学证据和公平进步原则为指导。这意味着气候治理框架需兼顾发展中国家的需求：发展中国家要走低碳增长道路，既需要资源支持，也需要技术转移。简而言之，气候行动与经济发展并非对立目标，就像是一枚硬币的正反面；全球治理体系必须体现二者的相互依存关系。
Q：在当前的地缘政治格局下，多边主义正面临重大挑战。您如何看待多边主义的未来？您认为多边主义对推动可持续发展而言是否不可或缺？
A：我们正处于一个地缘政治衰退期，而多边机构是其中最大的受害者之一。许多多边机构仍受困于过时的架构，无法反映当今的均势。当 “交通规则” 与 “交通现实” 不匹配时，不满情绪和单边主义便会不可避免地滋生。
在这种情况下，三大趋势将决定未来走向：第一，持续推进现有机构改革，从而更贴合当代现实（尽管过程充满挑战）；第二，替代性的区域组织或聚焦某一领域的组织不断崛起（如欧盟、金砖国家、东盟），将越来越多地处理全球体系难以应对的问题；第三，各国为维护自身认定的核心利益而采取的单边行动会增多，这在近期的地缘政治危机中便可察觉。
尽管这一局面远非理想，但我们必须保持务实。即便联合国的职能存在缺陷，它仍是唯一真正具有普遍性的对话与规则制定平台，因此不可或缺。多边主义不会消失，但会发生演变，渐而形成一种全球机制、区域机制与国家机制共存的混合模式。我们面临的挑战是，在应对这一转型的过程中，始终不偏离最终目标：维护和平，推动人类实现可持续发展。
以下是英文对话实录：
Q: The International Relations and Sustainable Development Center (CIRSD) has been at the forefront of promoting sustainable development globally. How do you see the relationship between international relations and sustainable development? What do you think the current international situation has an impact on sustainable development?
A: In my various capacities since 2012—most notably as President of the UN General Assembly when I chaired the negotiations mandated by the historic Rio+20 Conference—I have witnessed firsthand the complexity and importance of integrating sustainable development into the global agenda. The negotiations that ultimately resulted in the unanimous adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 were among the most intricate multilateral efforts ever undertaken.
Sustainable development is a truly holistic concept, encompassing social, economic, and environmental dimensions, and it applies universally—to developed and developing nations alike, across North and South, and regardless of political systems or historical backgrounds. No country can achieve the SDGs in isolation; these challenges are inherently global and interdependent.
This means that international cooperation is not optional—it is indispensable. Governments must take the lead, but success requires strong engagement from the private sector, academia, civil society, and other stakeholders. Unfortunately, the current global landscape, characterized by geopolitical rivalry and fragmentation, threatens to derail progress. We must therefore redouble our commitment to dialogue and multilateralism. Only by working together can we hope to achieve the bold vision embodied in the SDGs for this century.
Q: As the 67th President of the United Nations General Assembly, you played a pivotal role in shaping global governance. What do you see as the most significant challenges facing sustainable development today? What role do you believe smaller and emerging economies should play in promoting sustainable development?
A: I often describe our current era as one of “geopolitical recession.” Like economic cycles, geopolitics has periods of boom and bust, but geopolitical downturns last longer—often decades. In such negative cycles, trust among major powers erodes, multilateralism weakens, and international relations become more transactional and bilateral, at the expense of shared goals.
One major casualty of this trend is the effectiveness of international organizations. Today, the UN and other multilateral bodies struggle to deliver, leading some to question their relevance. While these frustrations are understandable, abandoning the UN would be a grave mistake. No other institution possesses the universality and legitimacy that the UN offers.
Smaller and emerging economies, despite their limited ability to influence great power rivalries, play a critical role in sustaining the multilateral system. They should remain steadfast in supporting the principles that led to the adoption of the SDGs and advocate for reforms to make institutions more reflective of 21st-century realities. By doing so, these nations can serve as a stabilizing force and ensure that global governance remains anchored in cooperation rather than confrontation. Patience and persistence will be key to keeping the sustainable development agenda alive.
Q: Climate change remains one of the most pressing issues of our time. Currently, we've seen some backsliding in climate governance by certain countries and regions. What's your view on the relationship between climate action and economic development? And how do you think we should approach climate governance?
A: Climate change is the defining challenge of our time, and its impact on economic development—especially in vulnerable regions—cannot be overstated. The reality is that unchecked climate change will devastate economies, exacerbate poverty, and undermine hard-won progress toward sustainability. Conversely, bold climate action can unlock innovation and drive economic growth, particularly in areas such as renewable energy, green technologies, and sustainable infrastructure.
Yet, we must also acknowledge the shifting political dynamics within some of the world's key players. Domestic political changes have led certain countries to reconsider or even reverse long-standing climate commitments. While regrettable, these developments are often beyond external influence. Instead of lamenting these changes, the international community must pragmatically recalibrate its strategies—focusing on achievable goals and fostering inclusive cooperation.
Our ambition should remain guided by scientific evidence and the principle of equitable progress. This means ensuring that climate governance frameworks accommodate the needs of developing nations, which require both resources and technology transfers to pursue low-carbon growth pathways. In short, climate action and economic development are not opposing objectives; they are two sides of the same coin, and global governance must reflect this interdependence.
Q: Multilateralism is facing significant challenges in the current geopolitical landscape. How do you see the future of multilateralism? Do you think multilateralism is indispensable for promoting sustainable development?
A: We live in a period of geopolitical recession, and multilateral institutions are among its greatest victims. Many remain locked in outdated structures that no longer reflect today's balance of power. When the "rules of the road" fail to match the reality of traffic, frustration and unilateralism inevitably follow.
Under these circumstances, three trends will define the future: First, ongoing—though challenging—efforts to reform existing institutions to better mirror contemporary realities. Second, the rise of alternative regional or thematic organizations such as the EU, BRICS, or ASEAN, which will increasingly handle issues the global system struggles to address. And third, the growth of unilateral actions by states seeking to protect what they perceive as vital interests, as seen in recent geopolitical crises.
While this is far from ideal, we must be realistic. The UN remains indispensable as the only truly universal platform for dialogue and norm-setting, even if its functionality is imperfect. Multilateralism will not disappear, but it will evolve—through a hybrid model where global, regional, and national mechanisms coexist. The challenge before us is to navigate this transition without losing sight of the ultimate goal: preserving peace and fostering sustainable progress for humanity.
来源：新浪财经
