摘要:形容词relative于15世纪初在英语中使用,最初写作relatif。它源自古法语的relatif,或直接源自晚期拉丁语的relativus,再往前是拉丁语relatus。后者是动词referre的过去分词。英语名词reference也源自动词referre
形容词relative于15世纪初在英语中使用,最初写作relatif。它源自古法语的relatif,或直接源自晚期拉丁语的relativus,再往前是拉丁语relatus。后者是动词referre的过去分词。英语名词reference也源自动词referre。所以relative有“参考其它的、不是绝对的”之义。
另外,英语名词realtif在14世纪晚期就使用了,它指语法上的“关系代词”,而“关系代词”肯定要有参考,即被代对象。
总之,形容词relative的有义项是“相对的、参考相关的”。
英语动词relate也源自拉丁语referre(另一个是动词refer),但relate在英语里也有“关联”之义。可能因此,relative也有“关联的、有关的”的含义。
因此relative to somebody/something有两个基本含义。此外,还有一个二者融合义。
含义1:相对于人/物,如
【例句1】The company employs too many people relative to the size of its business. (相对于其业务规模,这家公司雇佣了太多的人。) [牛津高级学者辞典]
【例句2】Japanese interest rates rose relative to America's. (日本的利率相对于美国有所上升。)[柯林斯高级学者辞典]
【例句3】House prices now look cheap relative to earnings. (相对于收益,房价现在看起来很便宜。 ) [柯林斯高级学者辞典]
【例句4】The satellite remains in one spot relative to the earth's surface. (卫星相对于地球表面保持在一个位置。)[柯林斯高级学者辞典]
【例句5】The movements of the continents relative to each other can be measured. (大陆之间的相对运动是可以测量的。)[牛津高级学者辞典]
含义2:与人/物有关联/相关的,如
【例句6】He may have information relative to the case. (他可能有与案件相关的信息。 ) [牛津高级学者辞典]
【例句7】Are these documents relative to the discussion? (这些文件与讨论有关吗?)[剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句8】These articles relative to Chaucer's history have had to be revised given recent discoveries. (鉴于最近的发现,这些与乔叟历史有关的文章不得不进行修订。)[剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句9】The auction house sold the painter's ephemera, particular those items relative to his "blue" period, to the national museum. (拍卖行将这位画家的短命,特别是那些与他“蓝色”时期有关的物品,卖给了国家博物馆。) [剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句10】All information relative to his imprisonment is classified and will not be released to the press. (所有与他入狱有关的信息都是保密的,不会向媒体发布。)[剑桥高级学者辞典]
含义3:随.....而变,这可能是含义1和含义2的融合,如
【例句11】The amount of petrol a car uses is relative to its speed. (汽车汽油的使用量随其速度而变。 )[剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句12】The overall risk to health is almost certainly relative to the amount of these substances ingested. (几乎可以肯定,对健康的总体风险与摄入这些物质的量有关。) [剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句13】The cost of installing the solar panel system is relative to the size of the house. (太阳能电池板系统的安装成本随房子的大小而变。) [剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句14】At this level, salaries should be relative to the performance of the company. (在这个水平上,工资应该与公司的业绩挂钩)[剑桥高级学者辞典]
【例句15】Of course, the real cost of food and drink is relative to earnings, and these have also risen over this period. (当然,食品和饮料的实际成本与收入有关,而且在此期间这些成本也有所上升。)[剑桥高级学者辞典]
来源:惠惠课堂