摘要：The dominant imperative during the next decade, perhaps longer, is likely to be the quest for economic growth. In the last decade
本次给大家整理的是《Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science》杂志2022年11月第49卷第9期的论文的题目和摘要，一共包括19篇SCI论文！
论文1
On economic and urban growth
经济发展与城市增长
【摘要】
The dominant imperative during the next decade, perhaps longer, is likely to be the quest for economic growth. In the last decade or more since the Great Recession, economic growth in Western economies has been effectively squeezed out of the system. From the end of the long boom after World War 2 that ended in the 1970s, productivity in many countries has fallen. For the last 15 years, governments in the West have gone a spending spree with moneys acquired at extremely low interest rates from a small but relatively thrifty proportion of the population. This has led to massive rises in house prices, great over-capacity in office building, and the growth of enormous bureaucracies in services and markets. Quantitative easing which involves central governments’ printing money which lowers its value and exacerbates debt, has added to this. In the East, particularly in China, this has led to the construction of ghost towns often in entirely the wrong places when it comes to building in the best locations for growth and economic prosperity. The growth of information technologies (IT) has forged ahead but rather than leading to increased productivity, this too has added to bureaucracies at every level and in every sector (Gordon, 2016). The palpable waste on a day-to-day basis as IT has been rolled out everywhere has increased inefficiencies by slowing down many routine procedures rather than producing more effective and efficient automation.
【摘要翻译】
未来十年，甚至可能更长的时间，主要的紧迫任务很可能是追求经济增长。自大衰退以来，西方经济体的经济增长实际上已被排除在体系之外。自二战后长期繁荣结束后的20世纪70年代以来，许多国家的生产率一直在下降。过去15年来，西方国家的政府一直在挥霍使用以极低利率从一小部分相对节俭的人手中获得的钱，导致房价大幅上涨、办公楼供应过剩、以及服务和市场监管机构的膨胀。量化宽松政策，即中央政府印刷货币，降低货币价值并加剧债务问题，进一步加剧了这一问题。在东方，特别是在中国，这导致了鬼城的建设，往往是在增长和经济繁荣的最佳地点。信息技术（IT）的发展已经向前推进，但这并没有导致生产力的提高，这也增加了每个层次和每个部门的官僚机构（Gordon，2016）。随着IT技术到处推广，日常生活中明显的浪费，由于减缓了许多常规程序，而不是产生更有效和高效的自动化，从而增加了低效率。
【doi】
【作者信息】
迈克尔·巴蒂，伦敦大学学院
论文2
Temporal change in relationships between urban structure and surface temperature
城市结构与地表温度关系的时间变化
【摘要】
Surface temperature influences human health directly and alters the biodiversity and productivity of the environment. While previous research has identified that the composition of urban landscapes influences the physical properties of the environment such as surface temperature, a generalizable and flexible framework is needed that can be used to compare cities across time and space. This study employs the Structure of Urban Landscapes (STURLA) classification combined with remote sensing of New York City’s land surface temperature (LST). These are then linked using machine learning and statistical modeling to identify how greenspace and the built environment influence urban surface temperature. Further, changes in urban structure are then connected to changes in LST over time. It was observed that areas with urban units composed of largely the built environment hosted the hottest temperatures while those with vegetation and water were coolest. Likewise, this is reinforced by borough-level spatial differences in both urban structure and heat. Comparison of these relationships over the period between 2008 and 2017 identified changes in surface temperature that are likely due to the changes in the presence of water, low-rise buildings, and pavement across the city. This research reinforces how human alteration of the environment changes LST and offers units of analysis that can be used for research and urban planning.
【摘要翻译】
地表温度直接影响人类健康，并改变了环境的生物多样性和生产力。虽然先前的研究已经确定，城市景观的组成会影响环境的物理性质，如表面温度，但需要一个可推广和灵活的框架，可以用来比较跨时间和空间的城市。本研究采用城市景观结构（STURLA）分类方法，结合对纽约市地表温度的遥感数据。然后使用机器学习和统计建模方法将两者联系起来，以确定绿地和建筑环境如何影响城市表面温度。此外，城市结构的变化随后与随时间变化的LST的变化联系起来。观察到，由大量建筑环境构成的城区温度最高，而植被和水域所在的城区温度最低。同样，城市结构和热量的空间差异也强化了这一观点。在2008年至2017年期间对这些关系进行比较，发现了表面温度的变化，这些变化很可能是由于城市中水的存在、低层建筑和路面的变化所引起的。这项研究强调了人类对环境的改变如何影响LST，并提供了可用于研究和城市规划的分析单元。
【doi】
【作者信息】
贾斯汀·D·斯特普恩特（Justin D Stewart），荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学生态科学系；佩雷格·K雷默（Peleg Kremer），美国维拉诺瓦大学地理与环境系。
论文3
Generating megacity-scale building height maps without DGNSS surveyed GCPs: An open-source approach
在没有使用DGNSS测量基准点的情况下生成大都市规模建筑高度地图：一种开源方法
【摘要】
This paper describes an open-source method for generating megacity-scale building height maps without proprietary software or Differential Global Navigation Satellite System surveyed ground control points (GCPs). We use the open-source Satellite Stereo Pipeline (S2P) software along with four scenes of 2.5m resolution Cartosat-1 data for Bengaluru to demonstrate this. Digital Surface Models (DSMs) of 5 m resolution are generated using S2P, and terrain removal is achieved using 30m SRTM data resampled to 5m. The resulting normalized DSM is calibrated and validated using 1270 GCPs. These were generated by counting the number of occupiable floors of buildings and marking zero elevation ground points. The final building height map of Bengaluru covers a total area of about 1420 km2, and across the four scenes, has RMSE values ranging from 2.8m to 3.9m—an error of approximately one floor. Furthermore, we implemented this workflow using stereo imagery for Mumbai, and the RMSE values obtained were comparable to those for Bengaluru. Hence the method we describe is a very cost-effective way of generating megacity-scale building height maps. The height maps generated using this method can be used to better understand numerous urban characteristics including land use intensity and population distribution and can play a crucial role in urban planning and policy making.
【摘要翻译】
本文介绍了一种开源方法，用于生成大都市规模的高层建筑地图，无需使用专有软件或差分全球导航卫星系统（DGNSS）测量地面控制点（GCP）。我们使用开源卫星立体管道软件（S2P）以及用于班加罗尔的四幅分辨率为2.5米的Cartosat-1数据场景来演示这一点。使用S2P生成分辨率为5米的数字表面模型（DSM），通过将30米分辨率的SRTM数据插值到5米分辨率来实现地形去除。使用1270个GCP对结果进行归一化DSM进行校准和验证。这些GCP是通过计算建筑物可用的楼层数并标记零高度地面点而生成的。最终的班加罗尔高层建筑地图覆盖总面积约为1420平方公里，在四个场景中，RMSE值范围从2.8米到3.9米，误差约为一个楼层。此外，我们使用立体图像实现了这一工作流，孟买的RMSE值与班加罗尔的可比。因此，我们描述的方法是一种非常成本效益高的生成大都市规模高层建筑地图的方法。使用这种方法生成的地图可以更好地了解许多城市特征，包括土地利用强度和人口分布，并可以在城市规划和决策中发挥至关重要的作用。
【doi】
【作者信息】
普拉蒂什·特里帕蒂，印度班加罗尔人类住区研究所地理空间实验室；
克里希纳钱德朗·巴拉克拉瓦南，印度班加罗尔人类住区研究所地理空间实验室；
卡洛·德弗朗西斯，巴黎-萨克雷高等师范大学中心Borelli分校、法国国家科学研究中心、巴黎萨克雷大学；
阿米特·库马尔，印度贾坎德邦中央大学地理信息科学系。
论文4
New algorithms for generating isovist field and isovist measurements
生成等体积场和等体积测量的新算法
【摘要】
Isovist fields are powerful tools for expressing and analyzing spatial configurations. There is also useful software that allows one to calculate the isovist field variables. However, the complexity and the speed of the isovist field production algorithms have limited the diverse uses of isovist fields as a spatial configuration expressive model. In this paper, we present an algorithm for generating the isovist field which is simpler than the rivals. This algorithm relies on calculating the isovist for the corner points before generating the isovist fields. A complementary algorithm is also proposed which quickly updates isovist field calculations after limited changes in the environment take place. The speeds of these two algorithms are also checked here in real cases and are compared to the well-known fast algorithms. In addition, more efficient methods are proposed to calculate variables related to distance-to-the-walls metrics within an isovist. This method, which is fast and accurate, uses slices of isovist as a base to calculate these variables with the help of integral calculations. We hope these methods accelerate the evolution of isovist field models and help make algorithmic design based on isovist fields a more convenient technique.
【摘要翻译】
等值线图是表达和分析空间配置的有力工具。也有一些有用的软件可以计算等值线图变量。然而，等值线图生成算法的复杂性和生成速度限制了其作为空间配置表达模型的广泛应用。本文提出了一种生成等值线图的算法，该算法比竞争对手更简单。该算法依赖于在生成等值线图之前计算角落点的等值线。同时，我们提出了一种补充算法，该算法在环境发生有限变化后可以快速更新等值线图计算。这两种算法的速度也在此进行了实际案例的验证，并与众所周知的快速算法进行了比较。此外，我们还提出了更有效的等值线内墙距离度量相关变量计算方法。这种方法快速而准确，使用等值线切片作为基础，在积分计算帮助下计算这些变量。我们希望这些方法能够加速等值线图模型的发展，并帮助使基于等值线图的算法设计成为一种更方便的技术。
【doi】
【作者信息】
阿萨德·侯赛尼·阿拉马迪，伊朗马拉亚大学建筑系助理教授
科斯洛·丹尼什约，德黑兰塔里比大学艺术学院建筑系助理教授
曼苏尔·耶加内，伊朗德黑兰塔里比大学艺术学院建筑系助理教授
论文5
Favelas 4D: Scalable methods for morphology analysis of informal settlements using terrestrial laser scanning data
Favelas 4D：利用地面激光扫描数据对非正规住区进行可伸缩形态分析的方法
【摘要】
One billion people live in informal settlements worldwide. The complex and multilayered spaces that characterize this unplanned form of urbanization pose a challenge to traditional approaches to mapping and morphological analysis. This study proposes a methodology to study the morphological properties of informal settlements based on terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data collected in Rocinha, the largest favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To measure the morphology of the informal settlement, we propose a series of five metrics related to the geometric characteristics of streets: street width, street elevation, facade heterogeneity, facade density, and street canyon. Our analysis operates at two resolutions, including a global analysis focused on comparing different favela streets to one another and a local analysis unpacking the variation of morphological metrics within streets. We show that our methodology reveals meaningful differences and commonalities in terms of the global morphological characteristics across streets and their local variations, which align with the historical evidence of the favela’s development. Finally, we create morphological maps at high spatial resolution from LiDAR data to inform urban planning assessments of concerns related to crowding, structural safety, air quality, and accessibility in the favela. The methods for this study are automated and can be easily scaled to analyze entire informal settlements, leveraging the increasing availability of inexpensive LiDAR scanners on portable devices such as cellphones.
【摘要翻译】
目前，全球有超过十亿人居住在非正式住区中。这种无规划的城市化形式所具有的复杂和多层次的特性对传统的地图绘制和形态分析方法提出了挑战。本研究提出了一种基于巴西里约热内卢最大贫民窟Rocinha收集的地面激光雷达（LiDAR）数据来研究非正式住区形态属性的方法。为了衡量非正式住区的形态，我们提出了一系列与街道几何特征相关的五种度量：街道宽度、街道高程、立面异质性、立面密度和街道谷地。我们的分析在两种分辨率下进行，包括一个专注于比较不同贫民窟街道之间的全局分析和一个解开街道内形态度量变化的地方分析。我们表明，我们的方法揭示了贫民窟街道之间全球形态特性的有意义差异和共同之处，以及它们的地方变化，这与贫民窟发展的历史证据相吻合。最后，我们使用LiDAR数据创建高空间分辨率的形态地图，以了解贫民窟中与拥挤、结构安全、空气质量和可达性相关的城市规划评估。这项研究的方法是自动化的，可以轻松扩展到分析整个非正式住区，利用诸如手机等便携设备上越来越便宜的LiDAR扫描仪的可用性。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Arianna Salazar Miranda：麻省理工学院城市研究和规划系博士候选人，也是麻省理工学院感知城市实验室研究员。
Guangyu Du：麻省理工学院感知城市实验室可视化专家。
Claire Gorman：麻省理工学院感知城市实验室研究特别助理。
Fabio Duarte：麻省理工学院感知城市实验室首席研究科学家。
Washington Fajardo：麻省理工学院感知城市实验室的附属成员。
Carlo Ratti：麻省理工学院感知城市实验室主任。
论文6
The “ghost neighborhood” phenomenon in China—geographic locations and intra-urban spatial patterns
中国的“鬼城”现象——地理位置与城市内部空间格局
【摘要】
The phenomenon of “ghost cities” in China has attracted much attention in the past decade. However, the exact areal extents, specific spatial characteristics and economic development conditions of this phenomenon have been rarely investigated and recorded at intra-urban scale throughout China. Against this background, we base our study on a recently published “ghost neighborhood” map of entire China, and we analyze their geographic locations using multiple spatial metrics and categorization approaches at an intra-urban scale. The main results are as follows: 1) we categorize “ghost neighborhoods” into seven representative intra-urban pattern types across China; 2) the newly built “ghost neighborhoods” (after 2001) are mainly concentrated in thriving cities, while a small number of old “ghost neighborhoods” (before 2000) are found in resource depleted areas, that is, in cities of decline; 3) the newly built “ghost neighborhoods” are generally located at the urban edge, far away from city centers, while old “ghost neighborhoods” are found within the built-up area and spatially closer to city centers. Additionally, we relate general processes of urbanization in China with the representative types of “ghost neighborhoods.”
【摘要翻译】
在过去的十年里，中国的“鬼城”现象引起了人们的广泛关注。然而，这一现象的确切面积范围、具体空间特征和经济发展条件在全国范围内鲜有调查和记录。在此背景下，我们基于最近发布的全中国“鬼城”地图进行研究，并在城市内尺度上使用多种空间度量和分类方法分析其地理位置。主要研究结果如下:1)将“鬼城”划分为7种具有代表性的城市内部格局类型;2)新建的“鬼城”(2001年以后)主要集中在繁荣的城市，少部分旧的“鬼城”(2000年以前)出现在资源枯竭地区，即衰败的城市;③新建的“鬼城”一般位于城市边缘，远离城市中心，而旧的“鬼城”则位于建成区内，空间上更靠近城市中心。此外，我们将中国城市化的一般进程与具有代表性的“鬼城”类型联系起来。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Lifeng Shi，2018年获中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所博士学位。2018年至2020年在德国奥伯法芬霍芬的德国遥感数据中心(DFD)、德国航空航天中心(DLR)担任博士后研究员。自2021年起，他在中国矿业大学公共政策与管理学院工作，中国徐州。主要研究方向为城市化、土地利用分类、基于遥感数据的目标检测等。
论文7
Unveiling spatial patterns of disaster impacts and recovery using credit card transaction fluctuations
利用信用卡交易波动揭示灾害影响和恢复的空间格局
【摘要】
The objective of this study is to examine spatial patterns of disaster impacts and recovery of communities based on fluctuations in credit card transactions (CCTs). Such fluctuations could capture the collective effects of household impacts, disrupted accesses, and business closures and thus provide an integrative measure for examining disaster impacts and community recovery. Existing studies depend mainly on survey and sociodemographic data for disaster impacts and recovery effort evaluations, although such data has limitations, including large data collection efforts and delayed timeliness results. Also, there are very few studies have concentrated on spatial patterns of disaster impacts and short-term recovery of communities, although such investigation can enhance situational awareness during disasters and support the identification of disparate spatial patterns of disaster impacts and recovery in the impacted regions. This study examines CCTs data Harris County (Texas, USA) during Hurricane Harvey in 2017 to explore spatial patterns of disaster impacts and recovery duration from the perspective of community residents and businesses at ZIP-code and county scales, respectively, and to further investigate their spatial disparities across ZIP codes. The results indicate that individuals in ZIP codes with populations of higher income experienced more severe disaster impact and recovered more quickly than those located in lower income ZIP codes for most business sectors. Our findings not only enhance the understanding of spatial patterns and disparities in disaster impacts and recovery for better community resilience assessment but also could benefit emergency managers, city planners, and public officials in enhanced situational awareness and resource allocation.
【摘要翻译】
本研究的目的是研究基于信用卡交易波动的灾害影响和社区恢复的空间格局。这种波动可以反映家庭影响、交通中断和企业关闭的集体影响，从而为审查灾害影响和社区恢复提供一种综合措施。现有的研究主要依赖于灾害影响和恢复工作评估的调查和社会人口数据，尽管这些数据有局限性，包括大量数据收集工作和延迟的及时性结果。此外，很少有研究集中在灾害影响的空间格局和社区的短期恢复上，尽管这种调查可以提高灾害期间的态势意识，并支持识别受灾地区灾害影响和恢复的不同空间格局。本研究以美国德克萨斯州哈里斯县2017年飓风“哈维”期间的cct数据为样本，分别从邮政编码和县尺度的社区居民和企业角度，探讨灾害影响和恢复时间的空间格局，并进一步探讨其在邮政编码之间的空间差异。结果表明，在大多数行业中，收入较高的邮政编码地区的个人比收入较低的邮政编码地区的个人遭受的灾害影响更严重，恢复速度更快。我们的研究结果不仅增强了对灾害影响和恢复的空间格局和差异的理解，有助于更好地进行社区恢复力评估，而且有助于应急管理人员、城市规划者和政府官员增强态势感知和资源分配。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Faxi Yuan，城市韧性的博士后研究员。人工智能实验室。他在佛罗里达大学获得建筑管理博士学位。在攻读博士学位之前，他在意大利米兰理工大学获得土木工程风险缓解硕士学位，在中国东南大学获得建筑管理学士学位。他的跨学科研究涉及网络科学、基础设施工程和社会科学。他的研究课题包括灾害信息学、社区恢复力、基础设施网络和物联网智能基础设施。
论文8
The spontaneous rules of spontaneous development
自发生成的自发性发展规则
【摘要】
This study contributes to the long but still heated debate on spontaneity in urban development. While the critics of spontaneity consider it synonymous with chaos, its proponents emphasise the benefits of spontaneous order. In this paper, we assume that spontaneous development may have both positive and negative aspects and we seek to identify what determines whether and to what extent spontaneity will produce a beneficial social/spatial order. The prevalence of advantages or disadvantages may be due to specific historical, geographical and social causes, but we emphasise one critically important factor: the presence of spontaneous social rules.
To contribute to this debate, we acknowledge the institutional nature of spontaneous rules and underscore the need for rules to develop over time. We examine three spontaneous developments in Plovdiv, Bulgaria’s second largest city. As these settlements are typical for spontaneous forms in Southeast Europe, we draw conclusions relevant primarily to this region, but also in wider contexts. We find that spontaneous rules’ development is what determines whether order emerges and to what degree its benefits are realised. The suitability of spontaneous rules depends on local cultures, habits and values rooted in society.
【摘要翻译】
本研究有助于关于城市自发发展的长期而激烈的争论。尽管对自发性的批评者认为它等同于混乱，但其支持者则强调了自发性秩序的好处。在本文中，我们假设自发的发展可能既有积极的一面，也有消极的一面，我们试图确定什么因素决定着自发的发展是否以及在何种程度上会产生有益的社会/空间秩序。优势或劣势的普遍存在可能是由于特定的历史、地理和社会原因，但我们强调一个关键的重要因素：自发社会规则的存在。为了对这一争论有所贡献，我们认识到自发规则的制度性质，并强调随着时间的推移发展规则的必要性。我们考察保加利亚第二大城市普罗夫迪夫的三种自发发展形式。由于这些定居点是东南欧自发形式的典型代表，因此我们得出的结论主要适用于这一地区，但也适用于更广泛的背景。我们发现自发规则的发展是决定是否出现秩序以及在何种程度上实现其利益的决定性因素。自发规则的适宜性取决于植根于社会的当地文化、习惯和价值观。
【doi】
【作者信息】
亚历山大·D·斯莱夫是瓦尔纳自由大学空间规划和住房建筑学教授，同时在索菲亚大学建筑、土木工程和测地学学院讲授城市发展融资课程。他的著作有：“人为环境与自然资源规划：复合产权理论”、“城市主义市场理论”、“城市规划中的经济建模”和“住房形式”；合著的有“区域规划与行政结构”和“城市发展融资”。亚历山大·D·斯莱夫目前正在研究“复合产权理论”。
斯泰范诺·科佐利诺是区域和城市发展研究所（多特蒙德）的资深研究员，亚琛工业大学讲师。他的主要研究兴趣在于规划和设计对自发社会空间演变的相互作用。在过去的几年里，他致力于研究（反）适应性街区、自发性城市美的概念、自组织城市的规则/条件，以及物质环境中的产权模式与设计责任分配之间的关联。他也是“欧洲规划学校协会”（AESOP）伦理、价值观和规划主题小组的协调员。
博里纳·N·诺扎洛娃是瓦尔纳自由大学助理教授，研究方向包括可持续规划和建筑、可持续城市交通模式、公共建筑的设计。
伊丽芙卡·伊利耶娃是瓦尔纳自由大学副教授，研究方向包括建筑和规划史以及历史建筑的保护。
论文9
Effects of Gehl’s urban design guidelines on walkability: A virtual reality experiment in Singaporean public housing estates
Gehl的城市设计指南对步行可达性的影响：新加坡公共住房区的虚拟现实实验
【摘要】
Walkability has become an important theme of urban design research and practice. Evidence suggests that environmental attractiveness can have a significant impact on the amount of walking activities that take place, but relatively little research exists on which environmental features linked to attractiveness increase walkability. Using a virtual reality experiment, the present study examined the effects on walkability of three key features, as defined by Jan Gehl, an influential urban planning practitioner and theorist: liveliness, high-quality façades and low buildings. A virtual reality simulation allowed isolating the effects of these features, while avoiding confounding factors, such as the presence of shops, which has been difficult to do in past field studies. Our study confirmed that the combination of features recommended by Gehl promoted walking activity in the study’s context. Further exploratory analyses suggested that improved façade quality was positively linked to walking activity, and that building height and liveliness had negligible effects. Our findings contribute to the existing understanding of walkability, which may benefit urban planning practice and models of walkability. Further research is necessary to confirm our results regarding the effects of specific features on walking activity in different contexts.
【摘要翻译】
可达性已成为城市设计研究和实践的一个重要主题。有证据表明，环境吸引力可以对步行活动的数量产生重大影响，但与吸引力相关的哪些环境特征会增加可达性，这方面的研究相对较少。本研究使用虚拟现实实验，检查了由有影响力的城市规划实践者和理论家简·格雷（Jan Gehl）定义的三个关键特征对可达性的影响：活力、高质量的外墙和低矮建筑。虚拟现实模拟使我们能够孤立这些特征的影响，同时避免混淆因素，例如商店的存在，这在过去的实地研究中一直很难做到。我们的研究证实，格雷建议的特征组合促进了研究背景下的步行活动。进一步探索性分析表明，外墙质量的改善与步行活动呈正相关，而建筑高度和活力则几乎没有影响。我们的研究结果有助于对可达性的现有理解，这可能对城市规划实践和可达性模型有益。为了确认关于不同背景下特定特征对步行活动的影响的结果，有必要进行进一步的研究。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Heidi Silvennoinen是新加坡-ETH中心未来城市实验室的城市知识图谱项目的研究员。她的研究兴趣集中在城市规划和设计中的数据使用，以回答诸如什么是好的设计以及如何衡量等问题。她目前的工作与开发一个结合多样化城市数据的知识管理平台有关。Heidi接受过建筑学培训，持有芬兰阿尔托大学的M.Arch和B.Arch学位，此外，她还拥有牛津大学的学士学位。
Saskia Kuliga是德国神经退行性疾病中心（DZNE）和威登/赫德尔克大学医学院的博士后研究员。她在弗赖堡大学获得博士学位，在认知科学中心跨区域研究小组“空间认知”（SFB/TR8）进行博士研究，专注于建筑可用性。在她的包豪斯博士后奖学金期间，她研究了虚拟现实作为评估以用户为中心的建筑的研究工具；在她的DAAD博士后奖学金期间，她探索了健康老年人中的寻路行为。Saskia的研究重点是人类与环境的互动，最近关注的是照顾老年痴呆症患者的环境。
皮特尔·赫特霍吉斯是新加坡-ETH中心未来城市实验室的高级研究员和调查员，也是苏黎世联邦理工学院的建筑系成员。他的主要研究兴趣包括设计评估、设计计算和与设计相关的知识管理。他在三个领域应用这些：将链接数据和大数据整合到城市规划过程中，评估公共空间质量，以及为改变而设计（在建筑中启用建筑适应性并实现建筑业的循环经济）。他拥有比利时布鲁塞尔自由大学的工程科学博士学位和建筑学硕士学位。
丹妮拉·罗德里格斯·瑞凯希是德国神经退行性疾病研究中心（DZNE）和威登/赫德尔科大学心理学研究方法和统计学的博士后研究员和统计学家。她拥有统计学背景，来自德国多特蒙德大学的统计学硕士课程，以及威登/赫德尔科大学关于评估主观证据在理论和个性化医学中的统计方法的博士学位。她的兴趣领域包括心理测量学、结构方程模型、用于评估主观感受和感知的调节和中介建模，以及确定它们对健康和福祉相关结果的影响。
比格·图纳瑟是新加坡科技与设计大学建筑与可持续设计支柱部门副主任和知情设计实验室主任。她的研究兴趣包括设计计算、可持续设计和建筑信息管理。知情设计实验室目前的研究重点在于数据收集、信息和知识建模和可视化，以进行知情建筑和城市设计。比格拥有代尔夫特理工大学建筑学（设计信息学）的博士学位，还拥有卡内基梅隆大学的计算设计硕士学位。
论文10
Development of a planning support system to evaluate transit-oriented development masterplan concepts for optimal health outcomes
开发一个规划支持系统，以评估以健康结果最佳为导向的过境发展总体规划概念
【摘要】
There is growing consensus that planning professionals need clearer guidance on features of the built environment that promote health benefits. Concomitantly, the smart city movement has created renewed opportunity and interest in data-driven urban modelling to support land use planning. Planning Support Systems (PSS) are spatially enabled computer-based analytical tools incorporating health-related metrics that apply empirical evidence on built environment relationships with health-related outcomes to inform real-world urban design, urban planning and transportation planning decisions. This paper presents the development of the Urban Health Check PSS to use local empirical data to explore and predict relative health impacts associated with proposed urban design planning changes from alternative new station precinct masterplan concepts. We present a case study where we compare a baseline scenario with alternative design concepts for a new train station precinct in Perth, Western Australia, that incorporated possible built environment interventions. Subsequently, we discuss potential future applications of health impact PSS for the translation and application of health evidence into practice.
【摘要翻译】
人们越来越一致地认为，规划专业人士需要明确指导关于促进健康效益的建成环境特征。与此同时，智能城市运动为数据驱动的城市建模提供了新的机会和兴趣，以支持土地利用规划。规划支持系统（PSS）是空间启用的计算机分析工具，结合了与健康有关的指标，运用建成环境与健康结果关系的实证证据来为现实世界的城市设计、城市规划和交通规划决策提供信息。本文介绍开发城市健康检查PSS的情况，利用本地实证数据探索和预测拟议的建成环境规划变化对相对健康的影响。我们进行了一项案例研究，将基准情景与西澳大利亚珀斯新火车站区域的不同设计概念进行了比较，这些概念考虑了可能的建成环境干预措施。随后，我们讨论了健康影响PSS在将健康证据转化为实践方面的未来应用。
【doi】
【作者信息】
保拉·胡珀，澳大利亚西澳大学设计学院城市设计研究中心研究员，澳大利亚克劳利；
朱利安·博勒特，澳大利亚西澳大学设计学院城市设计研究中心研究员，澳大利亚克劳利；
妮可·埃文斯，澳大利亚西澳大学设计学院城市设计研究中心研究员，澳大利亚克劳利。
论文11
Algorithmic definitions of street network centrality sub-shapes: The case of superblocks
街道网络中心性子形状的算法定义:以超级街区为例
【摘要】
The shape and distribution of the most integrated streets, collectively called the integration core, is critical to the characterization of local and global street network types in the space syntax literature. The description of the shape, position, and distribution of integration cores relative to the underlying street networks, however, has remained largely intuitive. We propose analytic and algorithmic definitions of integration core types. We then study empirical and experimental superblock designs with rectangular boundaries, as a particular kind of urban spatial syntax. The analysis leads to a clear understanding of the different ways in which the local street network, internal to the superblock, is structured and interfaced with the perimeter. When used as part of an automated sorting and query process applied to a universe of experimentally generated designs, our definitions and algorithms provide new insights about the interplay between the local generators of street network differentiation and the emergent syntactic structures of the superblock as a whole.
【摘要翻译】
最具整合性的街道的形状和分布，统称为整合核心，对于空间句法文献中本地和全球街道网络类型的表征至关重要。然而，相对于潜在的街道网络，对整合核心的形状、位置和分布的描述在很大程度上仍然是直观的。我们提出了积分核心类型的解析定义和算法定义。然后，我们研究了具有矩形边界的经验和实验超级街区设计，作为一种特殊的城市空间句法。通过分析，我们清楚地了解了超级街区内部的当地街道网络的不同结构和与周边的接口。当作为自动排序和查询过程的一部分应用于实验生成的设计时，我们的定义和算法提供了关于街道网络分化的局部生成器与整个超级街区的紧急句法结构之间相互作用的新见解。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Chen Feng，瑞典斯德哥尔摩皇家理工学院建筑学院。
论文12
How does street space influence crash frequency? An analysis using segmented street view imagery
街道空间如何影响撞车频率?使用分段街景图像进行分析
【摘要】
Road crashes in metropolitan areas are challenging to prevent because they stem from the interactions of drivers and other system users in intricate built environments. Recent theories indicate that features of the built environment may induce unsafe driving by shaping users’ expectations and behaviors. The availability of street view imagery and methods of scene parsing create new possibilities for understanding how features of the built environment influence crash incidence. Most previous crash research using street imagery has applied manual processing methods. In this paper, we develop and apply automated machine parsed imagery in conjunction with self-explaining roads theory to consider how the street space visible to drivers influences crash frequency, using data from Columbus, Ohio, USA. While controlling for road network and area characteristics, we model the association of individual street elements with crash frequency. We then conduct a cluster analysis to define four types of street spaces, which are used in a subsequent model. We find that an Open Road type of metropolitan street space, characterized by more visible sky, roadway, and signage are associated with the greatest increase in crashes, and that the majority of these spaces exist on arterial or collector class road segments. We theorize that the visual similarity of this type of street space to highways promotes faster, less careful driving, which combines with their mixed land uses to make them the least safe. This points to the importance of traffic calming for such roads in high-activity areas, and the need to differentiate environments of non-highways from highways to promote careful driving.
【摘要翻译】
大城市的道路交通事故很难预防，因为它们源于驾驶员和其他系统用户在复杂的建筑环境中的相互作用。最近的理论表明，建筑环境的特征可能通过塑造用户的期望和行为来诱导不安全驾驶。街景图像的可用性和场景分析方法为理解建筑环境的特征如何影响碰撞发生率创造了新的可能性。以前大多数使用街道图像的碰撞研究都采用人工处理方法。在本文中，我们开发并应用自动机器解析图像，结合自解释道路理论，以考虑驾驶员可见的街道空间如何影响碰撞频率，使用来自美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市的数据。在控制道路网络和区域特征的同时，我们建立了单个街道元素与碰撞频率的关联模型。然后，我们进行聚类分析，以定义四种类型的街道空间，并在随后的模型中使用。我们发现，开放道路类型的都市街道空间，其特点是更明显的天空、道路和标志与撞车事故的最大增长有关，而且这些空间中的大多数存在于主干道或集散类路段。我们的理论是，这种类型的街道空间与高速公路的视觉相似性促进了更快、更不小心的驾驶，再加上它们的混合土地用途，使它们最不安全。这表明，在交通活动频繁的地区，这类道路需要交通平静化，并且需要区分非高速公路和高速公路环境，以促进谨慎驾驶。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Yuchen Li，美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学。
论文13
Are people equally exposed to seismic and climate-change-induced hazards? Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area
人们是否同样容易受到地震和气候变化引起的危害?旧金山湾区的证据
【摘要】
Many studies have shown that a comprehensive plan with sufficient mitigation elements can significantly reduce natural disaster impact. However, they often neglect the need to match the implementation of mitigation measures to the local conditions because the ability to cope with impacts from a severe disaster varies by socioeconomic group. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify who and what are more exposed to a natural hazard and design adequate mitigation measures accordingly. This study aims to (1) identify seismic and climate-change-induced (sea-level rising and wildfire) hazardous locations in the San Francisco Bay Area, and (2) examine whether all neighborhoods, in four dimensions (economic, social, land use, and capital investment), are equally exposed to each natural hazard at three spatial scales (county, region, the Bay) over two time periods (2020–2060, 2060–2099). Methodologically, the study region and its sub-regions were divided into hazard and non-hazard zones with a defined hazard level for three natural hazards. Vulnerability variables in the four dimensions were collected at the census tract level. A two-sample t-test was then conducted to examine whether each vulnerability variable was significantly different between the two zones (hazard and non-hazard) for a specific natural hazard at a specific spatial scale in a specific time period. The findings reveal where, who, and what are exposed to different natural hazards. Corresponding mitigation measures for local governments are suggested. The results also highlight whether the spatial pattern of each hazard changes over time and whether local governments should work on mitigation alone, cooperate with other counties, or act together.
【摘要翻译】
许多研究表明，包含充分缓解因素的全面计划可以大大减少自然灾害的影响。然而，它们往往忽视了使缓解措施的实施与当地条件相匹配的必要性，因为应对严重灾害影响的能力因社会经济群体而异。因此，极其重要的是确定谁和什么更容易受到自然灾害的影响，并相应地设计适当的缓解措施。本研究旨在(1)确定旧金山湾区的地震和气候变化(海平面上升和野火)危险地点;(2)在四个维度(经济、社会、土地利用和资本投资)中，检查所有社区在三个空间尺度(县、地区、湾区)在两个时间段(2020-2060年、2060-2099年)是否同样暴露于每种自然灾害。在方法上，研究区及其子区被划分为危险区和非危险区，并对三种自然灾害确定了危险度。在人口普查区层面收集四个维度的脆弱性变量。然后采用双样本t检验来检验在特定的空间尺度、特定的时间段内，对于特定的自然灾害，每个易损性变量在两个区域(易损性和非易损性)之间是否存在显著差异。研究结果揭示了在什么地方、什么人、什么东西暴露在不同的自然灾害之下。建议地方政府采取相应的缓解措施。研究结果还强调了每种灾害的空间格局是否会随着时间的推移而变化，以及地方政府是应该单独开展减灾工作，还是与其他县合作，还是共同行动。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Na Chen，中国公共管理研究中心;510275广州市新港西路135号中山大学政府管理学院。
论文14
Urban-GAN: An artificial intelligence-aided computation system for plural urban design
Urban-GAN：一种用于多元城市设计的AI辅助计算系统
【摘要】
The current urban design computation is mostly centered on the professional designer while ignoring the plural dimension of urban design. In addition, available public participation computational tools focus mainly on information and idea sharing, leaving the public excluded in design generation because of their lack of design expertise. To address such an issue, this study develops Urban-GAN, a plural urban design computation system, to provide new technical support for design empowerment, allowing the public to generate their own designs. The sub-symbolic representation and artificial intelligence techniques of deep convolutional neural networks, case-based reasoning, and generative adversarial networks are used to acquire and embody design knowledge as the density function, and generate design schemes with this knowledge. The system consists of an urban form database and five process models through which the user with little design expertise can select urban form cases, generate designs similar to those cases, and make design decisions. The Urban-GAN is applied to hypothetical design experiments, which show that the user is able to apply the system to successfully generate distinctive designs following the urban form “styles” in Manhattan, Portland, and Shanghai. This study further extends the discussion about the plural urban design computation to general reflections on the goals and values in AI technique application in planning and design.
【摘要翻译】
目前城市设计计算主要围绕专业设计师进行，忽视了城市设计的多元性。此外，现有的公众参与计算工具主要关注信息和想法的共享，由于缺乏设计专业知识，公众被排除在设计生成之外。为了解决这个问题，本研究开发了“Urban-GAN”这一多元城市设计计算系统，为设计赋能提供新的技术支持，让公众能够生成自己的设计。本研究利用深度卷积神经网络的子符号表示和人工智能技术、案例推理和生成对抗网络来获取并体现设计知识作为密度函数，并利用这种知识生成设计方案。该系统由城市形态数据库和五个过程模型组成，用户即使没有设计专业知识，也可以通过这些模型选择城市形态案例、生成与这些案例相似的设计并进行决策。将Urban-GAN应用于假设的设计实验中，结果表明用户能够应用该系统成功地生成符合曼哈顿、波特兰和上海等城市形态“风格”的独特设计。本研究进一步讨论了多元城市设计计算的一般性问题，反思了AI技术在规划和设计中的应用目标和价值观。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Steven Jige Quan是韩国首尔国立大学环境研究院城市能源实验室的副教授兼主任，也是首尔国立大学人工智能研究所的附属教员。他的研究兴趣包括智能和可持续的城市系统、城市形态与能源、人工智能辅助设计以及可持续分区系统。Steven曾在中国北京清华城市规划设计研究院担任部门首席规划师。Steven持有中国清华大学的城市规划和城市与区域规划专业的学士学位、硕士学位和博士学位。
论文15
Strategic archetypes of planning processes: Model and evidence
规划过程的战略类型：模型与证据
【摘要】
Complex planning processes bear the hallmarks of evolution, in that actors seek to obtain the results that serve their needs best. That is, seek to increase their fitness. As in biological evolution, there are multiple pathways toward fitness. With the rise of adaptive planning approaches, the question how such pathways can be identified in strategic planning processes becomes pivotal. To answer this question, we adapt the fitness landscape model from biology and analyze several strategic planning processes. The analysis demonstrates that one can trace how different pathways to fitness emerge, and which pathways are more successful given the circumstances. We then synthesize these pathways into six strategic archetypes of actor behavior and of interactions between actors.
【摘要翻译】
复杂的规划过程具有演化的特点，因为行为者寻求获得最符合其需要的结果，即寻求增加其适应性。正如生物进化一样，获得适应性有多种途径。随着适应性规划方法的兴起，战略规划过程中如何识别这些途径变得至关重要。为了回答这个问题，我们借鉴生物学的适应性地形模型，并分析了几个战略规划过程。分析表明，可以追踪不同适应性途径的出现方式，以及在特定情况下哪些途径更成功。我们将这些途径总结为行为者的六种战略类型和行为者之间的相互作用。
【doi】
【作者信息】
拉斯·吉里茨是住房和城市发展研究所的学术主任，他的研究兴趣包括复杂科学、社会进化、规划以及案例研究方法。
彼得·马克斯是公共行政和社会学系的副教授，他的研究兴趣包括在公共决策过程研究中应用和发展复杂科学。
索菲亚·帕格利亚林是公共行政和社会学系的研究员，她的研究兴趣包括案例比较研究方法、土地利用和基础设施规划、数字化和智慧城市。
沃德·劳乌斯是空间规划和环境系的助理教授，他的研究兴趣包括城市和近郊的转变、城市规划和治理以及自组织和复杂科学。
论文16
Exploring land use functional variance using mobile phone derived human activity data in Shanghai
基于手机人类活动数据的上海市土地利用功能差异研究
【摘要】
Land use functions can categorize places where people perform different socioeconomic activities. This classification plays an important role in urban management, policy making, and resource allocation. However, due to the rapid changes of built environment and living demands, human activities might vary significantly, in space and time, even within the same land use function as conventionally defined, impeding the formulation of targeted and user-oriented planning policies. This study took the first step to explore land use subcategorization using mobile phone-derived human activities. The study area is the 5,298 census tracts in Shanghai. Sixteen million mobile phone users’ data were collected from Shanghai Mobile Co., Ltd., in 2014. We proposed a multi-dimensional indicator framework to capture collective features of activities and identified land use subcategories using the K-Means clustering method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to detect the proportion of activity variances captured by the classification results. Subcategory labelling method was applied to reveal the relationship between land use subcategories and built environment factors. The results show that (1) Conventional land-use functional zones (LFZs) cannot fully capture the activity variances, especially in behavioral regularity and temporal variation; (2) According to the variance analysis, at least four to five subcategories should be identified upon current LFZs to capture the main activity variances; and (3) In the case of Shanghai, land use subcategories presented palpable spatial regularity, which revealed a citywide structure deserves for further study. We concluded that data-derived activity features can provide an innovative perspective complementary to existing land use classification standards and facilitate policymakers with their decision-making processes on urban resource allocation.
【摘要翻译】
土地利用功能可以对人们从事不同社会经济活动的地方进行分类。这种分类在城市管理、政策制定和资源配置中发挥着重要作用。然而，由于建筑环境和生活需求的迅速变化，人类活动可能在空间和时间上发生重大变化，即使在传统定义的相同土地使用功能内，也会阻碍制定有针对性和以用户为导向的规划政策。这项研究首先利用手机衍生的人类活动来探索土地利用的子分类。研究区域为上海市5298个人口普查区。2014年，从上海移动有限公司收集了1600万手机用户的数据。我们提出了一个多维指标框架来捕捉活动的集体特征，并使用K-Means聚类方法确定土地利用子类别。应用方差分析(ANOVA)来检测分类结果捕获的活动方差的比例。采用子类标记法揭示了土地利用子类与建筑环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)传统的土地利用功能区不能完全反映活动差异，尤其是行为规律和时间变化;(2)根据方差分析，应在现有的自由贸易区基础上确定至少四至五个子类别，以捕捉主要的活动方差;(3)上海市土地利用各子类具有明显的空间规律性，其整体结构值得进一步研究。我们的结论是，数据衍生的活动特征可以提供一个创新的视角，补充现有的土地利用分类标准，并促进决策者在城市资源配置的决策过程中。
【doi】
【作者信息】
ChengHe Guan，纽约大学上海城市设计与城市科学上海市重点实验室，中国上海。
论文18
Evolution of global virtual-land flow associated with international grain trade
与国际粮食贸易相关的全球虚拟土地流动演变
【摘要】
Land used in the production of a commodity is referred to as virtual land (Wurtenberger et al., 2006). A large area of virtual land is associated with the global grain trade (Zhang et al., 2016). Studying the evolution of virtual-land flow may help grasp the trend of reallocation of global land resources (Zhang et al., 2016), improve sustainability of food production (Gutierrez-Moya et al., 2020), and understand how socioeconomic activities affect distant ecological systems in the era of globalization (Liu et al., 2013).
Based on Qiang et al. (2013) and Tian et al.’s (2017) definition and selection, we retrieved international trade and national yield data on 10 kinds of cereals (i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, millet, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat) from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 1986–2020 (available from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data, last accessed on 20 July 2022). The area of virtual land associated with each international cereal trade between two countries was calculated by dividing the weight of the imported cereal product by the yield of the cereal in the export country. Finally, we visualized major virtual-land flows (>1 million ha/year) and net imported virtual-land (imported virtual land – exported virtual land) for each country for the periods of 1986–1988, 1997–1999, 2008–2010, and 2018–2020 (Figure 1).
【摘要翻译】
用于生产商品的土地被称为虚拟土地(Wurtenberger et al.， 2006)。大量的虚拟土地与全球粮食贸易相关(Zhang et al.， 2016)。研究虚拟土地流的演变有助于把握全球土地资源再分配的趋势(Zhang et al.， 2016)，提高粮食生产的可持续性(Gutierrez-Moya et al.， 2020)，并了解全球化时代社会经济活动如何影响遥远的生态系统(Liu et al.， 2013)。基于Qiang等人(2013)和Tian等人(2017)的定义和选择，我们从联合国粮食及农业组织检索了1986-2020年10种谷物(大麦、荞麦、玉米、小米、燕麦、大米、黑麦、高粱、大豆和小麦)的国际贸易和国家产量数据(可从https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data获得，最后一次访问于2022年7月20日)。通过将进口谷物产品的重量除以出口国谷物的产量，计算出与两国之间的每次国际谷物贸易相关的虚拟土地面积。最后，我们可视化了1986-1988年、1997-1999年、2008-2010年和2018-2020年期间每个国家的主要虚拟土地流量(> 100万公顷/年)和净进口虚拟土地(进口虚拟土地-出口虚拟土地)(图1)。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Naizhuo Zhao，麦吉尔大学医学系，5252。de Maisonneuve west, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, CA。
论文19
Changes in the spatial differences of immigrants by country of birth’s income between 2008 and 2021 in South Korea
2008年至2021年韩国移民按出生国收入的空间差异变化
【摘要】
Immigrants play a new role in the spatial dynamics of residential segregation in South Korea. The featured graphic depicts changes in the geographical patterns of immigrant enclaves and the spatial segregation among four immigrant groups divided by the average per capita income of their birth countries from 2008 to 2021. Cartograms show that immigrants from advanced (Q1) economies concentrate in the center of Seoul, and enclaves formed by upper middle (Q2) economy-born groups are spatially isolated in the southwestern part of the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Immigrants from lower middle (Q3) and low-income (Q4) economies are more likely to reside in rural and industrial areas apart from Seoul Metropolitan Area. This study identifies that a deepening heterogeneity exists regarding the residential choice of immigrants, and socioeconomic backgrounds determine how each group will occupy specific places.
【摘要翻译】
移民在韩国居住隔离的空间动态中发挥了新的作用。这幅特色图形描绘了2008年至2021年移民飞地的地理格局变化，以及四个移民群体按其出生国人均收入划分的空间隔离。从地图上可以看出，来自发达经济体(Q1)的移民集中在首尔市中心，而由中上经济体(Q2)出生的群体形成的飞地在首都圈西南部被空间隔离。中下阶层(第三季度)和低收入阶层(第四季度)移民在首都圈以外的农村和工业地区居住的可能性较大。本研究发现，移民的居住选择存在着日益加深的异质性，社会经济背景决定了每个群体如何占据特定的地方。
【doi】
【作者信息】
Donghyun Kim，釜山大学城市规划工程系，韩国釜山市金井区富山大学路63号，46241。
来源：城市数据研习社