林深见鹿（十四）：微观经济学（2）

摘要：Today, the editor brings the "Deep in the Woods, the Deer Appears (Part 14): Microeconomics 2 ".

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Today, the editor brings the "Deep in the Woods, the Deer Appears (Part 14): Microeconomics 2 ".

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思维导图

Mind Mapping

本章的核心在于构建需求-供给模型，这一模型是微观经济学分析市场运行的基石。它系统地阐述了价格如何在一个竞争性的市场中形成，并引导资源配置。

The core of this chapter lies in constructing the demand-supply model, which is the cornerstone of microeconomic analysis for understanding market operations. It systematically explains how prices are formed in a competitive market and how they guide resource allocation.

首先，关于需求的理论。需求指的是消费者在某一特定时期内，在每一个可能的价格水平上愿意并且能够购买的商品数量。其核心规律是需求定律：在其他条件不变的情况下，某商品的价格与其需求量之间存在着反方向变动的关系，这可以用一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线来直观表示。然而，价格并非影响购买量的唯一因素。其他关键因素如消费者的收入、相关商品的价格（替代品与互补品）、偏好以及预期等，一旦发生变化，将导致整条需求曲线的位置发生移动，这被称为需求的变动。

First, the theory of demand.Demand refers to the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at each possible price during a specific period. Its core principle is the Law of Demand: other things being equal, there is an inverse relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. This is intuitively represented by a downward-sloping demand curve. However, price is not the only factor affecting the quantity purchased. Changes in other key factors, such as consumer income, the prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), preferences, and expectations, will cause the entire demand curve to shift. This is referred to as a change in demand.

其次，关于供给的理论。供给指的是生产者在一定时期内，在每一个可能的价格水平上愿意并且能够提供出售的商品数量。其核心规律是供给定律：在其他条件不变的情况下，某商品的价格与其供给量之间存在着同方向变动的关系，这表现为一条向右上方倾斜的供给曲线。同样，除商品自身价格外，生产成本（如原材料、技术）、生产技术水平、相关商品价格、生产者对未来的预期以及政府政策等因素的变动，也会引起整条供给曲线的移动，即供给的变动。

Second, the theory of supply.Supply refers to the quantity of a good that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at each possible price during a given period. Its core principle is the Law of Supply: other things being equal, there is a direct relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. This is represented by an upward-sloping supply curve. Similarly, factors other than the good's own price, such as production costs (e.g., raw materials, technology), the level of production technology, the prices of related goods, producers' expectations about the future, and government policies, can cause the entire supply curve to shift. This is known as a change in supply.

最后，是需求与供给的共同作用决定市场均衡。当市场需求量与市场供给量相等时，市场达到均衡，此时对应的价格即为均衡价格，对应的数量即为均衡数量。在图形上，均衡点由需求曲线与供给曲线的交点所决定。任何使需求或供给发生变动的因素都会打破原有均衡。当市场价格高于均衡价格时，会出现供给过剩，生产者之间的竞争将迫使价格下降；当市场价格低于均衡价格时，会出现需求短缺，消费者之间的竞争将推动价格上升。这种价格机制的自发调节，会持续地使市场趋向于均衡状态，从而实现资源的有效配置。

Finally, the interaction of demand and supply determines market equilibrium.Market equilibrium occurs when the market quantity demanded equals the market quantity supplied. The corresponding price is the equilibrium price, and the corresponding quantity is the equilibrium quantity. Graphically, the equilibrium point is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. Any factor that causes a change in demand or supply will disrupt the original equilibrium. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, a surplus occurs, and competition among producers will force the price down. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, a shortage occurs, and competition among consumers will push the price up. This spontaneous adjustment by the price mechanism continuously drives the market towards equilibrium, thereby achieving efficient resource allocation.

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翻译：文心一言

参考资料：百度百科