当从句和非谓语做主语时,动词用单数

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摘要:在英语语法中,当从句或非谓语动词结构(动名词、不定式)作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。这一规则源于主语在语法上的“单数概念”,即使主语内容可能涉及复数意义。以下从规则解析、典型例句、特殊情况及易错点四方面进行千字内精讲:

在英语语法中,当从句或非谓语动词结构(动名词、不定式)作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。这一规则源于主语在语法上的“单数概念”,即使主语内容可能涉及复数意义。以下从规则解析、典型例句、特殊情况及易错点四方面进行千字内精讲:

一、核心规则:主语为“整体概念”时用单数

无论从句或非谓语结构的内容是否包含复数意义,只要其作主语,在语法上被视为一个不可分割的整体,因此谓语动词需用单数形式(第三人称单数,如 is/was/has/does 等)。

1. 从句作主语

结构:引导词(that/whether/what/who/how等)+ 完整句子

谓语规则:始终用单数

示例:

That he arrived late annoys the teacher.
(主语从句 That he arrived late 是一个整体,谓语用 annoys)

Whether we go or stay is uncertain.
(主语从句 Whether we go or stay 视为单数,谓语用 is)

What she said surprises me.
(主语从句 What she said 是单数概念,谓语用 surprises)

2. 非谓语动词作主语

动名词(Gerund)作主语:

Swimming is good for health.
(动名词 Swimming 是抽象行为,谓语用 is)

Reading books broadens my horizons.
(动名词短语 Reading books 视为单数,谓语用 broadens)

不定式(Infinitive)作主语:

To learn a language requires patience.
(不定式 To learn a language 是具体行为,谓语用 requires)

To travel around the world is my dream.
(不定式短语作主语,谓语用 is)

二、特殊情况与例外

1. 并列主语:用复数动词

若从句或非谓语结构通过 and 连接两个独立主语,则谓语动词用复数。

示例:

That he is late and that she forgot the keys are both problematic.
(两个主语从句并列,谓语用复数 are)

Swimming and hiking are my favorite activities.
(两个动名词并列,谓语用复数 are)

2. 形式主语 it 的谓语选择

当从句或非谓语结构用 it 作形式主语时,真正主语的动词形式决定 it 后谓语的单复数(通常真正主语为单数,故 it 后谓语用单数)。

示例:

It is obvious that he is lying.
(真正主语 that he is lying 是单数,it 后谓语用 is)

It takes courage to admit mistakes.
(真正主语 to admit mistakes 是单数,it 后谓语用 takes)

3. 集体名词作主语时的歧义

若从句或非谓语结构包含集体名词(如 family/team/government),需根据语境判断谓语单复数:

视为整体(单数):The team wins the championship.

强调个体(复数):The team are arguing about the strategy.
(但此情况不适用于从句/非谓语作主语的直接规则,仅作扩展理解)

三、易错点与注意事项

1. 混淆主语内容与语法形式

错误:What they need are books.
(What they need 是主语从句,视为单数,应改为 is)

正确:What they need is books.
(即使 books 是复数,主语从句整体用单数谓语)

2. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语干扰

非谓语动词可能有自己的逻辑主语(如动名词的所属者),但不影响句子谓语的单复数。

示例:

His smoking bothers me.
(His smoking 是动名词短语,逻辑主语为 His,但句子谓语 bothers 的单复数由 His smoking 决定,视为单数)

They insist on their leaving early.
(their leaving 是动名词复合结构,句子谓语 insist 的单复数由主语 They 决定,与非谓语无关)

3. 从句引导词的省略导致错误

错误:__ he said is true. (省略 That 后主语缺失)

正确:That he said is true. 或 What he said is true.
(必须保留引导词以构成完整从句)

四、实战练习与答案

练习1:选择正确的谓语动词

______ (Is/Are) that she passed the exam surprising?
答案:Is(主语从句 that she passed the exam 是单数)

______ (Has/Have) reading books helped you improve?
答案:Has(动名词 reading books 是单数)

______ (Was/Were) to call him necessary?
答案:Was(不定式 to call him 是单数)

练习2:改错

What they eat are fruits and vegetables.
答案:What they eat is fruits and vegetables.
(主语从句 What they eat 是单数)

Swimming and running is my hobby.
答案:Swimming and running are my hobbies.
(两个动名词并列,用复数)

练习3:合并句子

原句:That he is innocent is clear. He provides evidence.

合并后:That he is innocent is clear because he provides evidence.
(主语从句 That he is innocent 用单数谓语 is)

五、总结

从句作主语:无论内容是否含复数意义,谓语用单数。

非谓语作主语:动名词/不定式视为抽象或具体行为,谓语用单数。

并列结构:用 and 连接两个主语时,谓语用复数。

形式主语 it:根据真正主语的动词形式选择 it 后谓语(通常单数)。

记忆口诀:
“从句非谓语,单数做主语;
并列用 and,复数才靠谱;
形式主语 it,跟风真主语。”

来源:远志教育

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