摘要：指针对整个国家或团体的违法行为，在处理此违法行为的程序中，国家本身为一方当事人，但并非所有公共违法行为皆构成犯罪，如与政府签订合同的个人违约构成公共违法行为，但该违法为民事违法，而非刑事犯罪。

Public wrong 公共违法行为

指针对整个国家或团体的违法行为，在处理此违法行为的程序中，国家本身为一方当事人，但并非所有公共违法行为皆构成犯罪，如与政府签订合同的个人违约构成公共违法行为，但该违法为民事违法，而非刑事犯罪。

Public wrong is an offense committed against a community. The state will be a party in proceedings against public wrong. All public wrongs are not crimes. They may also be of civil nature. Punishments such as indictments, summary proceedings, death penalty imprisonment and fine may be imposed on a public wrong doer. 以下为相关例句，可供参考：

例句1

There are a set of wrongs that are normatively distinct as ‘criminal wrongs’, and yet, there is disagreement as to ‘the basic features of criminal liability’ that explain this normative distinctiveness. The only consensus has been that criminal wrongs are ‘public wrongs’. For some, they are public wrongs in the sense that they infringe the values and interests for which the community has a shared and mutual concern.

有一系列不法行为在规范上与“刑事不法行为”截然不同，然而，对于解释这种规范上的独特性的“刑事责任的基本特征”却存在分歧。唯一的共识是，刑事不法行为是“公共违法行为”。对某些人来说，它们是公共违法行为，因为它们侵犯了社会共享且共同关心的价值观和利益。

例句2

For others, they are public wrongs in the sense that they are the wrongs that public officials are responsible for punishing. A third view is that they are public wrongs in the sense that there are procedural advantages of having public officials empowered to address the wrongdoing.

对其他人来说，它们是公共违法行为，因为它们是政府官员有责任惩罚的违法行为。第三种观点认为，它们是公共违法行为，因为授权公职人员处理不法行为具有程序上的优势。

例句3

I argue here that the first two views are analytically inseparable: the considerations that explain the wrongs that merit social prohibition are the same considerations that explain the censuring and punitive response of the criminal law. I also argue here that, contrary to the third view, the powers of public officials in criminal law procedures follow from, rather than explain, the concept of a crime being a public wrong.

我认为，前两种观点在分析上是不可分的：解释应该受到社会禁止的违法行为的考虑因素与解释刑法的谴责和惩罚性反应的考虑因素是相同的。我还认为，与第三种观点相反，公职人员在刑法程序中的权力来自于犯罪是公共违法行为的概念，而不是解释这一概念。

例句4

Procedural advantages can explain how criminal wrongs are public wrongs, but they cannot explain why criminal wrongs are public wrongs.

程序上的优势可以解释刑事不法行为是如何成为公共违法行为的，但不能解释为什么刑事不法行为是公共违法行为。

相关知识拓展：

Private wrong 侵犯个人的不法行为；侵权行为

侵犯公共或私人权利时涉及个人受损害的违法行为，应承担民事责任。Private wrong指的是侵犯个人的不法行为，即可以为个人提供救济的不法行为，例如侵权行为、违约行为等。其也常被称为civil wrong，民事不法行为（指因违反法律义务导致产生损害，从而引起要求民事救济——通常为损害赔偿——的民事请求权的行为。）

Private wrongs are wrongs or offenses committed against private persons. Individuals are the parties to it. Private wrongs are subject to civil redress or compensation. Private wrong is also called a civil wrong. Any civil wrong based not based on breach of contract is a tort.

例句

A tort is a private wrong that one private person commits against another. The aggrieved party comes before a court on his or her own initiative, seeking a remedy against the alleged wrongdoer.

侵权行为是一个人对另一个人犯下的侵犯个人的不法行为。受害方主动来到法院，寻求针对被指控的违法者的解决方法。

来源：三生如来兮