摘要：分享兴趣，传播快乐，增长见闻，留下美好！亲爱的您，这里是LearningYard学苑。今天小编为大家带来“快递网络的复杂网络行为”。欢迎您的访问！Share interest, spread happiness, increase knowledge, and

分享兴趣，传播快乐，增长见闻，留下美好！
亲爱的您，这里是LearningYard学苑。
今天小编为大家带来“快递网络的复杂网络行为”。
欢迎您的访问！
Share interest, spread happiness, increase knowledge, and leave beautiful.
Dear, this is the LearingYard Academy!
Today, the editor brings the “Airline network structure of express network”.

Welcome to visit!

一、思维导图

1、Mind mapping

二、正文

2、text

在当今这个追求极速的时代，一件包裹能在24小时内跨越千山万水，其背后并非简单的“把包裹送上飞机”，而是一个高度复杂、精密计算的航空快递网络在高效运转。这个网络的结构，如同人体的血液循环系统，既有主干大动脉，也有四通八达的毛细血管，共同构成了全球物流的“高速公路”。其核心结构主要围绕轴辐式模型展开，并辅以点对点航线作为重要补充，最终由领先企业演进出高效的混合结构。

In today's era of pursuing extreme speed, a package can travel across thousands of mountains and rivers within 24 hours. Behind it is not simply "putting the package on the plane", but a highly complex and precisely calculated air express network operating efficiently. The structure of this network is like the blood circulation system of the human body, with both main arteries and capillaries extending in all directions, which together form the "highway" of global logistics. Its core structure mainly revolves around the hub-and-spoke model, supplemented by point-to-point routes as an important supplement, and eventually the leading enterprises evolved into an efficient hybrid structure.

轴辐式结构是整个网络的核心引擎，其设计灵感来源于自行车轮毂与辐条的关系。在这个系统中，一个或几个关键地理位置的大型机场扮演着枢纽的角色（如联邦快递的孟菲斯枢纽、UPS的路易斯维尔世界港）。来自众多出发城市（即“辐条”）的货机，在深夜至凌晨的窗口期内，将收集的包裹全部运抵枢纽。随后，一场精密的“空中芭蕾”上演：所有货物被迅速卸下，进入高度自动化的分拣中心，根据最终目的地进行极速分拣与交换，然后在拂晓前被重新装载上不同的飞机，沿着“辐条”网络飞往各自的目的地城市。这种模式的巨大优势在于实现了规模经济，通过集中处理极大地提升了分拣效率和飞机载运率，同时以有限的航线实现了网络的全覆盖，保证了隔夜达服务的可靠性。然而，其代价是可能产生迂回运输（例如从北京到天津的包裹可能需先飞往枢纽），并且整个网络对枢纽节点的依赖性极强，一旦枢纽因天气或事故瘫痪，全网便将陷入停滞。

The hub-and-spoke structure is the core engine of the entire network, and its design is inspired by the relationship between bicycle hubs and spokes. In this system, one or several large airports in key geographical locations play the role of hubs (such as FedEx's Memphis hub, UPS's Louisville Worldport). Cargo planes from numerous departure cities (known as "spokes") deliver all collected packages to the hub during the late night to early morning window period. Subsequently, a precise "air ballet" was staged: all the goods were quickly unloaded and entered into a highly automated sorting center, sorted and exchanged at extremely high speeds according to the final destination, and then reloaded onto different aircraft before dawn and flown to their respective destination cities along the "spoke" network. The huge advantage of this model is that it achieves economies of scale. Through centralized processing, it greatly improves sorting efficiency and aircraft load factor. At the same time, it achieves full network coverage with limited routes and ensures the reliability of overnight delivery services. However, the cost is that roundabout transportation may occur (for example, a package from Beijing to Tianjin may need to fly to the hub first), and the entire network is highly dependent on hub nodes. Once the hub is paralyzed due to weather or accidents, the entire network will come to a standstill.

为了弥补轴辐式结构的固有缺陷，点对点或直飞结构应运而生，成为网络中的重要补充。这种模式主要应用于货流量巨大且稳定的特定航线（如中美主要城市之间、北美东西海岸走廊）。包裹从始发地机场直接飞往目的地机场，无需经停枢纽中转。其最显著的优势在于速度极致，消除了中转时间，提供了最短的运输路径，同时也降低了对核心枢纽的依赖风险。但它的局限性同样明显：其经济性高度依赖于航线上稳定且充足的货量，否则单次飞行成本将极为高昂；此外，网络的扩展性较差，新增一个城市节点意味着需要开辟一条全新的航线，灵活性不足。

In order to make up for the inherent shortcomings of the hub-and-spoke structure, the point-to-point or direct flight structure emerged as the times require and became an important supplement in the network. This model is mainly applied to specific routes with huge and stable cargo flow (such as between major cities in China and the United States, and the east and west coast corridors of North America). Packages fly directly from the origin airport to the destination airport without stopping at a hub. Its most significant advantage is its extreme speed, which eliminates transit time, provides the shortest transportation path, and also reduces the risk of dependence on core hubs. But its limitations are equally obvious: its economy is highly dependent on stable and sufficient cargo volume on the route, otherwise the cost of a single flight will be extremely high; in addition, the network has poor scalability, and adding a new city node means the need to open a new route, which lacks flexibility.

鉴于轴辐式与点对点结构各有优劣，现代主流快递巨头（如FedEx、UPS和DHL）无一例外地采用了更为先进和弹性的混合结构。在这一结构下，公司以其全球超级枢纽为骨干，构建起庞大的轴辐式网络，确保全球包裹的标准化互联与时效服务。与此同时，在区域内部（如欧洲、亚洲等城市密集、经济活跃的地区），则会建立次级枢纽或直接开辟大量的点对点直飞航线，形成一个密集的区域网格网络。这种混合模式智慧地融合了前两者的优点：既通过轴辐式网络实现了全局的覆盖与成本控制，又利用点对点航线在关键通道上追求极致的速度与效率，实现了资源在不同层面的最优配置。

In view of the advantages and disadvantages of hub-and-spoke and point-to-point structures, modern mainstream express delivery giants (such as FedEx, UPS and DHL) have all adopted more advanced and flexible hybrid structures. Under this structure, the company uses its global super hub as the backbone to build a huge hub-and-spoke network to ensure standardized interconnection and timely services for global parcels. At the same time, within the region (such as Europe, Asia and other areas with dense cities and active economies), secondary hubs will be established or a large number of point-to-point direct flights will be opened to form a dense regional grid network. This hybrid model intelligently combines the advantages of the first two: it not only achieves global coverage and cost control through the hub-and-spoke network, but also uses point-to-point routes to pursue ultimate speed and efficiency on key channels, achieving optimal allocation of resources at different levels.

支撑这一庞大网络高效运行的，还有一系列“隐形骨架”，包括高度自动化的地面分拣枢纽、依赖复杂算法的动态航线规划与运力管理系统，以及确保陆空运输无缝衔接的庞大车队。纵观其演进，航空快递网络从简单的点对点，发展到高效的轴辐式，再到如今动态智能的混合模式，其核心驱动力始终是对效率、成本与可靠性这三者间平衡的不懈追求。这条在苍穹之下日夜不息的精密脉络，不仅是全球贸易的加速器，更深刻地重塑了我们对于时间与距离的认知。

Supporting the efficient operation of this huge network is a series of "invisible skeletons", including highly automated ground sorting hubs, dynamic route planning and capacity management systems that rely on complex algorithms, and a huge fleet that ensures seamless connection between land and air transportation. Throughout its evolution, the air express network has developed from simple point-to-point, to efficient hub-and-spoke, and now to the dynamic and intelligent hybrid model. Its core driving force has always been the unremitting pursuit of a balance between efficiency, cost and reliability. This delicate network that runs day and night under the sky is not only an accelerator of global trade, but also profoundly reshapes our understanding of time and distance.

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部分参考内容来自百度

翻译来源：谷歌翻译

编辑|aim

排版|aim

审核|杰

来源：LearningYard学苑