志文分享（1）快递网络之快递的历史

摘要：在浙江杭州的良渚古城遗址中，考古学家发现了距今5000年前的“快递站”遗迹——一条条规整的道路连接着不同区域，负责传递物资与信息的专职人员已初具雏形。这种原始的物流形态，正是人类快递意识的萌芽。从古代驿传系统的烽火狼烟，到现代无人机配送的精准高效，快递业的发展

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在浙江杭州的良渚古城遗址中，考古学家发现了距今5000年前的“快递站”遗迹——一条条规整的道路连接着不同区域，负责传递物资与信息的专职人员已初具雏形。这种原始的物流形态，正是人类快递意识的萌芽。从古代驿传系统的烽火狼烟，到现代无人机配送的精准高效，快递业的发展史不仅是技术的进步史，更是人类对空间与时间认知的革新史。当我们在手机上轻轻一点，半小时内收到热气腾腾的外卖时，这场跨越三千年的物流革命，已深刻重塑了我们的生活方式。

In the Liangzhu Ancient City site in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, archaeologists have discovered the remains of "express stations" 5,000 years ago - regular roads connecting different areas, and full-time personnel responsible for conveying materials and information have taken shape. This primitive logistics form is the introductory germination of human express delivery consciousness. From the beacons and smoke of the ancient post-transmission system to the precision and efficiency of modern drone delivery, the history of the development of the express delivery industry is not only the history of technological progress, but also the history of human innovation in the cognition of space and time. When we clicked lightly on our phones and received steaming takeaways within half an hour, this logistics revolution that spanned three thousand years has profoundly reshaped our way of life.

一、古代快递：权力网络中的“血脉系统”

1. Ancient express delivery: the "blood system" in the power network

快递业的起源与国家治理紧密相连。中国古代商周时期已出现“驿传”制度，周朝的“遗人”负责道路与馆舍管理，形成了最早的物流网络雏形。秦始皇统一六国后，以咸阳为中心修建“驰道”，“车同轨，书同文”的政策使得快递效率大幅提升，从咸阳到边疆的政令传递可在一月内完成。这种以国家力量主导的快递系统，本质上是为巩固中央集权服务的“政治神经网络”，普通民众难以享用。

The origin of the express delivery industry is closely linked to national governance. The "post" system had appeared in ancient China during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The "remnants" of the Zhou Dynasty were responsible for the management of roads and museums, forming the earliest prototype of the logistics network. After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, the policy of "Chi Road" was built with Xianyang as the center, and the policy of "cars and books are the same as words" greatly improved the efficiency of express delivery, and the delivery of government orders from Xianyang to the border could be completed within one month. This express delivery system dominated by the state's power is essentially a "political neural network" to consolidate centralized services, which ordinary people find difficult to enjoy.

唐朝的快递业达到古代巅峰，全国设有水驿、陆驿1643所，专职人员达2万余人。《大唐六典》记载，陆驿最快日行500里，安史之乱时，范阳的战报仅需六日即可传至长安，堪称古代的“特快专递”。宋代发明了“急递铺”，昼夜兼程，铺铺接力，元朝更将驿站系统拓展至欧亚大陆，马可·波罗惊叹：“皇帝的使者能在任何地方得到马匹和给养。”古代快递的局限性显而易见：服务对象仅限于官府与贵族，运输成本高昂，民间书信往往依靠商旅捎带，安全性极低。直到明清时期，随着商品经济发展，民信局才在沿海地区兴起，打破了官办快递的垄断。

The express delivery industry in the Tang Dynasty reached its peak in ancient times, with 1,643 water and land offices nationwide, with more than 20,000 full-time personnel. "The Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty" records that the fastest trip to Luyi is 500 miles a day. During the Anshi Rebellion, Fan Yang's war report only took six days to pass to Chang'an, which can be called the "express delivery" of ancient times. The Song Dynasty invented the "urgent delivery shop" and traveled day and night to pave the relay. The Yuan Dynasty even expanded the post station system to the Eurasian continent. Marco Polo exclaimed: "The emperor's envoy can get horses and supplies anywhere." The limitations of ancient express delivery were obvious: the service objects were limited to government officials and nobles, and the transportation costs were high. The folk letters often rely on business travel and were extremely safe. It was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties that the Bureau of Civil and Information Technology rose to prominence in coastal areas with the development of the commodity economy, breaking the monopoly of official express delivery.

二、现代快递：全球化时代的“速度革命”

2. Modern Express: The "speed revolution" in the era of globalization

现代快递业的诞生是工业文明与市场经济共同作用的产物。1907年，美国青年吉姆·凯西在西雅图创立了美国信使公司，即UPS的前身，最初仅有一辆摩托车和几名员工，负责传递百货公司的订单。这种“门到门”的服务模式，颠覆了传统邮政的集中投递方式，开启了快递商业化的先河。二战后，随着航空运输普及，快递业迎来第一次飞跃。1969年，弗雷德·史密斯提出“隔夜送达”构想，创立联邦快递（FedEx），以枢纽辐射式航线网络重构了物流逻辑，将跨大陆运输时间从数周缩短至24小时。

The birth of modern express delivery industry is the product of the joint role of industrial civilization and market economy. In 1907, American youth Jim Casey founded the American Courier Company, the predecessor of UPS, in Seattle, with only one motorcycle and several employees initially responsible for delivering department store orders. This "door-to-door" service model subverts the traditional centralized delivery method of Postal services and opens the precedent for the commercialization of express delivery. After World War II, with the popularization of air transportation, the express delivery industry ushered in its first leap. In 1969, Fred Smith proposed the idea of "overnight delivery" and founded FedEx, which reconstructed the logistics logic with a hub-based radiating route network, shortening the transcontinental transportation time from several weeks to 24 hours.

中国现代快递业的觉醒始于改革开放。1979年，中国外运集团与日本OCS合作，开启了国际快递业务；1993年，王卫在顺德创立顺丰，以“珠三角次日达”打破外资垄断，民营快递由此破土而出。进入21世纪，快递业迎来爆发式增长：2009年新《邮政法》确立民营快递合法地位，2014年快递业务量首次突破100亿件，2021年突破1000亿件，占全球一半以上。技术驱动成为现代快递的核心特征：自动化分拣设备处理效率达人工的10倍，大数据路由规划使运输成本降低30%，电子面单普及率超99%，菜鸟网络、京东物流等智慧物流平台，通过算法优化实现了“分钟级配送”。快递业已从单纯的运输服务，演变为支撑制造业升级、促进区域协调的基础性产业。

The awakening of China's modern express delivery industry began with reform and opening up. In 1979, China Foreign Transport Group cooperated with Japan's OCS to start international express business; in 1993, Wang Wei founded SF Express in Shunde, breaking the foreign investment monopoly with the "Pearl River Delta Next-Day Delivery", and private express delivery broke through the ground. Entering the 21st century, the express delivery industry ushered in explosive growth: in 2009, the new Postal Law established the legal status of private express delivery, and in 2014, the express delivery business volume exceeded 10 billion for the first time, and in 2021, it exceeded 100 billion pieces, accounting for more than half of the world. Technology drive has become the core feature of modern express delivery: the processing efficiency of automated sorting equipment is 10 times that of manual labor, big data routing planning reduces transportation costs by 30%, electronic facebook popularity rate exceeds 99%, and smart logistics platforms such as Cainiao Network and JD Logistics have achieved "minute-level delivery" through algorithm optimization. The express delivery industry has evolved from a simple transportation service to a basic industry that supports the upgrading of manufacturing and promotes regional coordination.

三、快递与电商：共生共荣的“双螺旋”

3. Express delivery and e-commerce: the "double helix" of symbiosis and prosperity

快递与电子商务的关系，堪称数字经济时代最典型的共生范式。1999年，当当网成立时，中国快递网络尚未成型，书籍配送需依赖邮政系统，动辄半月以上的送达时长严重制约了电商发展。转折点出现在2003年淘宝成立后，为解决支付与物流痛点，支付宝与推荐物流体系相继诞生，快递与电商开始形成“需求-供给”的正向循环。2008年淘宝推出“推荐物流”平台，整合了申通、圆通等民营快递企业，通过规模效应将单票快递价格从20元以上压降至6元左右，电商“包邮时代”正式来临。

The relationship between express delivery and e-commerce can be regarded as the most typical symbiotic paradigm in the digital economy era. In 1999, when Dangdang.com was established, China's express delivery network had not yet taken shape, and book delivery had to rely on the postal system. The delivery time of more than half a month seriously restricted the development of e-commerce. The turning point occurred after Taobao was established in 2003. In order to solve the pain points of payment and logistics, Alipay and recommendation logistics systems were born one after another, and express delivery and e-commerce began to form a positive cycle of "demand-supply". In 2008, Taobao launched the "Recommended Logistics" platform, integrating private express delivery companies such as Shentong and YTO. Through the scale effect, the price of express delivery for a single ticket from above 20 yuan to about 6 yuan. The "free shipping era" of e-commerce has officially arrived.

这种共生关系催生了商业模式的深度变革。对电商而言，快递成为“最后一公里”的体验战场：京东物流通过“211限时达”建立服务壁垒，拼多多依托极兔快递的低成本网络下沉市场，直播电商则催生了“前置仓+即时配”的新模式。对快递业来说，电商贡献了80%以上的业务量，但也带来“价格战”的隐忧——2020年快递均价降至10.6元/件，部分产粮区甚至出现“1元发全国”的恶性竞争。更深远的影响在于，快递与电商的融合重塑了消费逻辑：预售制使“下单即生产”成为可能，退货险与上门取件降低了决策成本，而“分钟级配送”则模糊了线上与线下的界限，催生了社区团购、即时零售等新业态。疫情期间，快递网络更成为保障民生的“生命线”，2022年上海封控期间，快递员日均步行超3万步，将物资送达千家万户，彰显了这一行业的公共价值。

This symbiotic relationship has spawned deep changes in business models. For e-commerce, express delivery has become the "last mile" experience battlefield: JD Logistics has established service barriers through "211 limited-time delivery", Pinduoduo relies on Jitu Express's low-cost network sinking market, and live e-commerce has given birth to a new model of "forward warehouse + instant delivery". For the express delivery industry, e-commerce contributes more than 80% of its business volume, but it also brings hidden worries of "price war" - in 2020, the average express delivery price dropped to 10.6 yuan per piece, and some grain-producing areas even experienced vicious competition of "1 yuan to send nationwide". The more far-reaching impact is that the integration of express delivery and e-commerce has reshapeds the consumption logic: the pre-sale system makes it possible to "order production as soon as it is placed", return insurance and on-site pickup reduce decision-making costs, while "minute-level delivery" blurs the boundaries between online and offline, giving birth to new business formats such as community group buying and instant retail. During the epidemic, express delivery networks have become the "lifeline" to protect people's livelihood. During the lockdown in Shanghai in 2022, couriers walked more than 30,000 steps per day and delivered supplies to thousands of households, demonstrating the public value of this industry.

从良渚古城的驿道到无人机配送的航路，从烽火台的狼烟到智能分拣的红外线，快递业的三千年演进，本质是人类对“连接”的不懈追求。当快递员穿梭在城市街巷，当分拣机器人在仓库中昼夜不息，当跨境包裹将世界各地的商品送到消费者手中，我们看到的不仅是物品的流动，更是一个国家的基础设施活力、一个社会的消费潜力，以及一个时代的文明温度。未来，随着绿色包装、无人配送、区块链溯源等技术的成熟，快递业将进一步突破时空限制，成为构建“双循环”新发展格局的重要纽带。而这场始于五千年前的人类物流革命，仍将在创新与需求的交织中，书写更加精彩的篇章。

From the post road in the ancient Liangzhu city to the route of drone delivery, from the wolf smoke from beacon towers to the infrared of intelligent sorting, the three thousand years of evolution of the express delivery industry is essentially mankind's unremitting pursuit of "connection". When couriers shuttle through the streets of cities, when sorting robots keep going day and night in warehouses, when cross-border parcels deliver goods from all over the world to consumers, what we see is not only the flow of goods, but also the infrastructure vitality of a country, the consumption potential of a society, and the civilization temperature of an era. In the future, with the maturity of technologies such as green packaging, unmanned delivery, and blockchain traceability, the express delivery industry will further break through time and space restrictions and become an important link for building a new development pattern of "dual circulation". This human logistics revolution that began five thousand years ago will still write a more exciting chapter in the interweaving of innovation and demand.

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部分参考内容来自百度