MNPs pollution has emerged as a significant environmental and health threat. These MNPs can come from various sources, including plastic products, clothing fibers, and industrial processes, and they are known to have detrimental effects on the environment and health (Karbalaei et al., 2018)(Karbalaei et al., 2018).Moreover, the large-scale use of plastic products during the COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified the pollution problem. Due to the tiny size and ubiquitous distribution, humans are usually unconscious to uptake MNPs via food, water, air, and dermal contact. Once inside the body, MNPs can translocate via the bloodstream and penetrate cell membranes through endocytosis that disturbs normal cell activities. There is a growing concern about the association between MNPs exposure and cancer risk. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that MNPs exposure upregulates ASGR2 receptor expression or activates signaling pathways associated with cancer development, such as β-catenin/YAP, MAPK, and PI3K-AKT. Moreover, MNPs exposure can affect the expression of cell-cycle proteins and induce EMT that promotes tumor growth and migration. In addition, MNPs have been shown to promote cancer progression by affecting metabolic strategy and tumor microenvironment. Notably, other studies have linked MNPs exposure to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, senescence, and genotoxicity, which can serve as surrogate biomarkers of carcinogenesis. Notably, aged MNPs or co-exposure with other toxic substances, such as plasticizers, As, TC, etc, can induce more caricinogenic effects.摘要：MNPs pollution has emerged as a significant environmental and health threat. These MNPs can come from various sources, including p
Notably,there are also many questions that need to be addressed, such as the varying impacts of different types of MNPs and the concrete mechanism hidden beneath the carcinogenicity of MNPs. Additionally, the hazard impact of MNPs is closely correlated with the exposure concentration in cells or tissues. It is important to establish uniform, reliable, and standardized methods to measure MNP concentrations in organisms that help the prevention and treatment of carcinogenic impact related to MNP exposure. With the booming development of medical AI techniques and machine learning, remarkable progress has been made in some medical fields. Whether it possible to use AI and machine learning to accelerate the research progress of MNPs is also worth investigating. Importantly, governments and international organizations have taken some measures to decrease plastic pollution, such as reducing plastic use or establishing a comprehensive plastic recycling system that radically reduces the health risk of MNP pollution.
来源：我为锦年织彩袍7
