摘要：本文件规定了人体皮肤与机器或工件热表面接触时发生烫伤的烫伤值，描述了用于防止皮肤烫伤的热表面温度限值的确定方法。本文件未规定特定机器或工件的热表面温度限值，未给出防止疼痛的数据。本文件适用于接触过程中表面温度基本保持不变(见4.1)且接触时间不小于0.5s的接

GB/T 18153-2024 英文版/翻译版 机械安全 用于确定可接触热表面温度限值的安全数据

机械安全 用于确定可接触热表面温度限值的安全数据

1 范围

本文件规定了人体皮肤与机器或工件热表面接触时发生烫伤的烫伤值，描述了用于防止皮肤烫伤的热表面温度限值的确定方法。
本文件未规定特定机器或工件的热表面温度限值，未给出防止疼痛的数据。
本文件适用于接触过程中表面温度基本保持不变(见4.1)且接触时间不小于0.5s的接触。
本文件不适用于大约全身皮肤10%及以上的大面积皮肤和热表面接触的情况。
本文件也不适用于超过头部皮肤10%的接触,或导致面部重要部位烫伤的接触。
注：在某些情况下，接触热表面的结果可能更严重，例如：
——造成呼吸道不畅的烫伤；
——全身皮肤10%及以上的大面积烫伤可能因体液损失而损伤循环系统；
——头部或全身大比例的受热,即使在没有烫伤的情况下,可能引起不能接受的热应激反应。

2 规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。

GB/T 15706-2012 机械安全设计通则风险评估与风险减小

3 术语和定义

GB/T 15706-2012界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1
可接触热表面 touchable hot surface
皮肤可能触碰到的温度不低于43℃的机器或工件表面。
3.2
表面温度 surface temperature
Ts
机器或工件表面的温度。
3.3
接触时间 contact period
皮肤与表面接触的持续时长。
3.4
热惯性 thermal inertia
物体在受热或受冷过程中，由于其热量传递特性而表现出的特性。
注：热惯性通常以材料的密度(ρ)、热导率(K)和比热容(c)的乘积表示。
3.5
烫伤阈值 burn threshold
在规定的接触时间内，以皮肤与热表面接触无烫伤和引起浅层部分厚度烫伤间的温度临界值。
注：烫伤严重程度分为：
——浅层部分厚度烫伤，即除了最浅的烫伤外，表皮完全被破坏，但没有伤及毛囊、皮脂腺和汗腺；
——深层部分厚度烫伤,即真皮和所有皮脂腺的大部分被破坏，只有毛囊或汗腺的深层部分存活；
——全厚度烫伤,即皮肤全层已经破坏，上皮样成分全部坏死。

4 烫伤阈值

4.1 概述
皮肤与热表面接触导致烫伤的表面温度与表面材料以及皮肤和表面接触时间长短有关。烫伤值和接触时间之间的关系的示意图见图1。图1中几组材料热惯性相似,因此烫伤阈值也相似。

Safety of machinery — Safety data to establish temperature limit values for touchable hot surfaces

1 Scope

This document specifies the burn value for human skin in contact with the hot surface of the machine or workpiece, and describes the method for determination of hot surface temperature limit values used to prevent skin burns.

This document does not specifies hot surface temperature limit values for specific machines or workpieces, and does not gives data on pain prevention.

This document is applicable to contacts where the surface temperature remains substantially unchanged (see 4.1) during contact and the contact period is not less than 0.5s.

This document is not applicable to large areas of skin and hot surfaces that are in contact with approximately 10% or more of the body's skin.

This document also not applicable to contacts that exceed 10% of the skin on the head, or that cause burns to significant parts of the face.

Note: In some cases, the results of contact with hot surfaces may be more serious, such as:
— burns that cause respiratory obstruction;
— extensive burns of 10% or more of the body's skin may damage the circulatory system due to fluid loss;
— excessive heat to the head or body, even in the absence of burns, may cause an unacceptable heat stress response.

2 Normative references

The following documents contain requirements which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

GB/T 15706-2012 Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 15706-2012 and the following apply.

3.1
touchable hot surface
machine or workpiece surface whose temperature is not lower than 43°C, which skin may come into contact with

3.2
surface temperature
Ts
temperature of machine or workpiece surface

3.3
contact period
duration of skin-to-surface contact

3.4
thermal inertia
properties of an object in the process of heating or cooling due to its heat transfer properties
Note: Thermal inertia is usually expressed as the product of the material's density (ρ), thermal conductivity (K), and specific heat capacity (c).

3.5
burn threshold
temperature threshold between skin contact with a hot surface without burn and superficial partial thickness burn during the specified contact period
Note: The severity of burns is divided into:
— superficial partial thickness burn, that is, the epidermis is completely destroyed except for the shallowest burns, but the hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are not damaged;
— deep partial thickness burn, that is, most of the dermis and all sebaceous glands are destroyed, only the deep parts of the hair follicles or sweat glands survive;
— full thickness burn, that is, the whole layer of skin had been destroyed, and the epithelioid components have all died.

4 Burn threshold

4.1 General

The surface temperature of skin and hot surface contact resulting in burning is related to the surface material and the length of period of skin contact with the surface. The relationship between the burn value and the contact period is shown in Figure 1. The thermal inertia of several groups of materials in Figure 1 is similar, so are the burn thresholds.

来源：银祥