卓雅娜:全球研究揭示年龄与幸福感的复杂模式

B站影视 韩国电影 2025-05-14 21:05 2

摘要:乔恩·克利夫顿 (Jon Clifton) :担任全球分析和咨询公司盖洛普 (Gallup) 的首席执行官。他的使命是将10亿人与其独特优势联系起来,协助组织打造蓬勃发展的职场环境,并通过盖洛普世界民意调查——一个覆盖150多个国家的百年项目——帮助全球80亿

卓雅娜:Global Study Reveals Complex Patterns in Age and Wellbeing全球研究揭示年龄与幸福感的复杂模式)

Not all countries follow the U-shaped curve

并非所有国家都遵循U型曲线

by Jon Clifton and Zacc Ritter(作者:乔恩·克利夫顿与扎克·里特)

乔恩·克利夫顿 (Jon Clifton) :担任全球分析和咨询公司盖洛普 (Gallup) 的首席执行官。他的使命是将10亿人与其独特优势联系起来,协助组织打造蓬勃发展的职场环境,并通过盖洛普世界民意调查——一个覆盖150多个国家的百年项目——帮助全球80亿公民的声音被听到。克利夫顿于2008年加入盖洛普,并晋升至公司咨询部门的全球执行合伙人,运用行为经济学为领导者提供咨询服务。

他于2022年出版的著作《盲点:全球不幸福的崛起》荣登《华尔街日报》畅销书榜。克利夫顿还为《经济学人》、BBC和《哈佛商业评论》等知名平台撰稿。他目前担任盖洛普公司董事,并曾担任Meridian International、Streetwise Partners和Young Professionals in Foreign Policy的董事会成员。

克利夫顿拥有密歇根大学政治学和历史学学士学位,以及内布拉斯加大学国际法法学博士学位。他是贝勒大学宗教研究所的高级研究员,并被米德兰大学、北卡罗来纳大学彭布罗克分校和西新英格兰大学授予荣誉博士学位。

扎克·里特(Zacc Ritter)是盖洛普的高级研究员兼项目主管。他于2016年加入盖洛普,在调查设计、社会科学实验、数据分析和分析性写作方面拥有超过15年的经验。扎克的实质性研究重点关注外交政策、民主、信任和人类繁荣。

作为项目主管,他负责一项为期五年、基于概率的纵向调查研究,该研究覆盖22个国家,涉及20万人,追踪促成人类繁荣的因素。在过去六年中,他还负责其他大规模跨国调查,涵盖全球变暖、道德价值体系、新闻媒体消费习惯、饮食质量和水资源安全等一系列主题。

扎克拥有乔治城大学政治学博士学位,其研究领域包括外国干预、非暴力抵抗运动和非常规政权更迭。他拥有科尔盖特大学的学士学位。

华盛顿特区——研究表明,长期以来年龄与幸福感之间的关系呈U形曲线,幸福感在成年早期和晚年达到顶峰,并在中年时下降。但最近的研究表明,这种模式在不同国家之间可能存在很大差异。例如,全球繁荣研究(GFS)调查了来自22个国家和中国香港特别行政区超过20.7万人的数据。这些国家的数据差异表明,年龄与幸福感之间的联系并非遵循简单的普遍模式。

全球福祉调查(GFS)的主要关注点是人类繁荣,其定义为“一个人生活各方面(包括其所处环境)相对达到的良好状态”(VanderWeele等,2025年)。这种整体幸福观认为,美好的生活不仅仅是健康或幸福,而是生活多个维度之间丰富互动的结果。

繁荣是由一个综合指数衡量,该指数在五个领域各包含两个问题:幸福感和生活满意度、身心健康、意义和目标、品格和美德以及亲密的社会关系。繁荣指数采用0到10的等级进行衡量,其中0表示没有,10表示全面实现。

在所研究的国家中,身心健康与年龄之间的关系呈现出不同的趋势:

在阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、德国、墨西哥、西班牙、瑞典、英国和美国,身心健康似乎随着年龄的增长而增长。在美国,年轻人和老年人之间的差异最为显著,18至29 岁成年人的身心健康平均得分为6.36,60至69岁成年人的身心健康平均得分为7.68。并非所有接受调查的高收入国家都遵循这种随年龄增长而增长的模式。在中国香港特别行政区和日本,这种模式呈J形,平均而言,年轻人的兴旺程度略高于中年人,但低于老年人。在以色列和波兰,情况则相反,随着年龄的增长,兴旺程度平均下降。一些中低收入国家——埃及、印度、肯尼亚、菲律宾和坦桑尼亚——也呈现出这种随年龄增长而下降的模式。坦桑尼亚年轻人和老年人之间的差异最为显著,18至29岁成年人的平均兴旺程度得分为7.83,60至69岁成年人的平均兴旺程度得分为7.04。印度尼西亚和中国呈现出一种倒J形模式,中年人的平均幸福感比年轻人和老年人更好。最后,在尼日利亚、南非和土耳其,年龄与幸福感之间没有明显的关联。

为什么这种模式很重要?

在大多数幸福感随着年龄增长而增长的国家中,出现了另一个有趣的模式:构成幸福感得分的10个调查项目中,有两个——心理健康和对人生目标的理解——往往会严重阻碍年轻人的幸福感。这种模式在阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、德国、瑞典、英国和美国都不同程度地体现出来。

意义

这些发现强调了为什么需要更多关注年轻人的研究,以了解这些发现究竟是指向新时代效应还是队列效应。如果是年龄效应,年轻人现在可能面临困境,但随着时间的推移,他们的幸福感可能会有所改善。如果是队列效应,年轻人的幸福感可能会比前几代人有所下降。

更重要的是,结果并非注定。这些社会及其领导人有权制定政策,确保新出现的青年蓬勃发展危机只是暂时的“年龄效应”现象。与其他研究和行动呼吁一致,全球青少年调查的数据表明,一个有用的起点是就青少年心理健康和人生目标展开积极的对话。

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Studies have long shown the relationship between age and wellbeing as a U-shaped curve, with wellbeing peaking early in adulthood and later in life and dipping in middle age. But recent research suggests that this pattern can vary widely among countries. For example, the Global Flourishing Study (GFS) examined data from over 207,000 people across 22 countries and Hong Kong (S.A.R. of China). This diverse set of countries shows that the link between age and flourishing doesn’t follow a simple general pattern.

The primary interest of the GFS is human flourishing, defined as “the relative attainment of a state in which all aspects of a person’s life are good, including the contexts in which that person lives” (VanderWeele et al., 2025). This holistic view of wellbeing acknowledges that a well-lived life is more than just health or happiness — it is a rich interplay of multiple life dimensions.

Flourishing is measured by a composite index using two questions in each of five domains: happiness and life satisfaction, mental and physical health, meaning and purpose, character and virtue, and close social relationships. The Flourishing Index is measured on a zero-to-10 scale, where zero is the absence of flourishing and 10 is comprehensive attainment.

The relationship between flourishing and age looks different across the countries studied:

In Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, flourishing appears to increase with age. The difference between young and old is most striking in the United States, where the average flourishing score is 6.36 for adults aged 18 to 29 and 7.68 among those aged 60 to 69.Not all high-income countries surveyed follow this increase-with-age pattern. In Hong Kong (S.A.R. of China) and Japan, the pattern is J-shaped, with younger individuals, on average, flourishing slightly more than their middle‑aged counterparts but less than older ones. In Israel and Poland, the pattern is reversed, with flourishing decreasing, on average, with age.Several low- and middle-income countries — Egypt, India, Kenya, the Philippines and Tanzania — also exhibit this decrease-with-age pattern. The difference between young and old is most striking in Tanzania, where the average flourishing score is 7.83 for adults aged 18 to 29 and 7.04 for those aged 60 to 69.Indonesia and China exhibit an inverse J-shaped pattern, where middle-aged individuals are, on average, flourishing better than their younger and older counterparts. Finally, no clear association between age and flourishing is evident in Nigeria, South Africa and Türkiye.

Why Does the Pattern Matter?

Across most countries where wellbeing increases with age, another interesting pattern emerges: Two of the 10 survey items that make up the flourishing score — mental health and understanding one’s life purpose — tend to be a substantial drag on youth flourishing. This pattern is evident to varying degrees in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S.

Implications

These findings underscore why more research focusing on young people is needed to understand whether these findings indicate a new age effect or a cohort effect. If it's an age effect, young people might face tough conditions now but could see their wellbeing improve over time. If it's a cohort effect, young people might experience a decline in wellbeing compared with earlier generations.

More importantly, the outcome is not preordained. These societies and their leaders have agency to formulate policies that ensure the emerging youth flourishing crisis is a temporary “age effect” phenomenon. In line with other research and calls to action, the GFS data suggest that a useful starting point is a robust conversation about youth mental health and life purpose.

来源:非 常道

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