罗巍律师 | 中国法院判决如何在俄罗斯执行

摘要：随着中俄经济关系的发展，如何解决合作伙伴之间可能出现的纠纷的问题变得非常重要。当然，解决纠纷的一种方法就是去中国法院，由法院做出判决，但你有没有想过，中国法院的判决是否会在俄罗斯得到执行？或者如何执行？你如何才能得到法院的判决？

随着中俄经济关系的发展，如何解决合作伙伴之间可能出现的纠纷的问题变得非常重要。当然，解决纠纷的一种方法就是去中国法院，由法院做出判决，但你有没有想过，中国法院的判决是否会在俄罗斯得到执行？或者如何执行？你如何才能得到法院的判决？

With the development of economic relations between China and Russia, the question of how to resolve a dispute that may arise between partners is becoming very important. One way to resolve it is, of course, to go to a Chinese court, which will issue a decision, but have you ever thought about whether the decision of a Chinese court will be enforced in Russia? Or how to enforce it? How can you get what the court awarded?

本文将帮助您弄清楚这一点，我们的律师将帮助您解决问题。

This article will help you figure this out, and our lawyers will help you resolve the problem.

所以，你在中国法院赢得了与俄罗斯合作伙伴的纠纷，并且明白法院的判决必须在俄罗斯执行，只有这样你才能得到你赢得的利益，例如，交货债务、罚款支付等。

So, you have won a dispute with a Russian partner in a Chinese court and understand that the court decision must be enforced in Russia, only then will you be able to get what you have won, for example, a debt for a delivery, payment of a fine, etc.

外国法院的判决在俄罗斯根据互惠原则、最重要的是根据双边协议得到承认和执行。

Decisions of foreign courts are recognized and enforced in Russia on the basis of reciprocity, and most importantly, on the basis of bilateral agreements.

1992年，中俄两国签署了民事和刑事司法协助条约（以下简称《协定》）。《协定》第三章规定了相互承认和执行本国法院司法行为的规定。这大大简化了相关程序，且不构成拒绝适用互惠原则的理由。应当指出，在俄领土上承认和执行外国法院裁决的程序由《俄罗斯联邦仲裁程序法典》第31章的规定确定，俄仲裁院是审理经济纠纷和其他与企业活动有关的案件的国家法院。俄每个地区都设有仲裁法院作为一审法院，然后是上诉法院（合并几个地区），下一审法院是地区上诉法院。

n 1992, China and Russia signed a treaty on legal assistance in civil and criminal cases (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”). Chapter 3 of the Agreement contains provisions on mutual recognition and enforcement of judicial acts issued by national courts. This significantly simplified the relevant procedures and did not create grounds for refusing to apply the principle of reciprocity. It should be noted that the procedure for recognizing and enforcing decisions of foreign courts on the territory of Russia is determined by the provisions of Chapter 31 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and arbitration courts in Russia are state courts that consider economic disputes and other cases related to entrepreneurial activity. Each region of Russia has an arbitration court as the first instance, then there are appellate courts (combining several regions) and the next instance is the cassation district courts.

根据俄罗斯《仲裁程序法典》第31章，外国法院作出的裁决对当事人有利，该当事人有权向俄罗斯债务人所在地或住所地的仲裁法院申请承认和执行该裁决。如果债务人的所在地或住所不明，则必须向债务人财产所在地的仲裁法院提出申请。

In accordance with Chapter 31 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of Russia, the party in whose favor a decision was made in a foreign court has the right to file an application for recognition and enforcement of this decision in the arbitration court at the location or place of residence of the Russian debtor. If the location or place of residence of the debtor is unknown, then the application must be filed with the arbitration court at the location of the debtor's property.

但《中俄司法协助协定》还规定了其他必须严格遵守的规定，即在中国法院判决生效后申请承认和执行的，必须向作出该判决的中国法院提出，再由中国法院转交俄罗斯仲裁院。

However, the Agreement on Legal Assistance between China and Russia establishes other rules that must be strictly followed. A petition for recognition and enforcement of a Chinese court decision after it has entered into legal force must be filed with the Chinese court that made the decision, which then forwards it to the Russian arbitration court.

发布该决定的中国法院将您的申请连同所有必要的文件转交给中国司法部，中国司法部随后将其转交给俄罗斯司法部，俄罗斯司法部随后将其转交给相关的俄罗斯仲裁法院。

The Chinese court that issued the decision sends your application with all the necessary documents to the Ministry of Justice of China, which then sends them to the Ministry of Justice of Russia, which in turn sends them to the relevant Russian arbitration court.

当然，这需要很长的时间，但满足这一要求将有助于解决中国法院判决在俄罗斯的承认和执行问题。许多人提到，可以改变既定程序，直接向俄罗斯仲裁法院提出申请，但这里不能保证，例如，如果一审仲裁法院的判决没有被推翻，那么你将浪费更多的时间。

Of course, these are big time delays, but fulfilling this requirement will help resolve the issue of recognition and enforcement of the Chinese court decision in Russia. Many people refer to the fact that it is possible to change the established procedure and apply directly to the Russian arbitration court, but here it cannot be guaranteed that if, for example, the decision of the arbitration court of first instance is not overturned by cassation, then you will lose even more time.

请记住，在向中国法院提出申请，要求将中国法院的判决送交俄罗斯执行时，您需要完成一些手续，即：认证中国法院判决的副本、将文本正确翻译成俄文、附上中国法院判决生效的证据，以及证明已通知债务人外国法院诉讼程序的文件。所有文件必须翻译成俄文，并且翻译的准确性必须由公证人认证。当事人请求承认或执行的法院判决的副本必须由作出该判决的法院认证。由中国法院起草或认证的文件如果经过签署并加盖公章，则有效。在此形式下，所列文件可由俄罗斯主管机构接受，无需根据 1961 年《海牙公约》（于 2023 年 11 月 7 日对中国生效）的规定进行认证，因为俄罗斯和中国在《司法协助协定》中同意免除认证，因此根据公约规定，仍无需进行认证。

Remember that when filing an application to a Chinese court with a request to send a Chinese court decision for enforcement in Russia, you will need to complete a number of formalities, namely: certify a copy of the Chinese court decision, make a correct translation of the text into Russian, attach evidence of the entry into force of the Chinese court decision, as well as documents certifying the notification of the debtor about the proceedings in a foreign court. All documents must be translated into Russian, and the accuracy of the translation must be certified by a notary. A copy of the court decision that the party requests to recognize or enforce must be certified by the court that issued the decision. Documents that are drawn up or certified by a China court are valid if they are signed and have an official seal. In this form, the specified documents are accepted by competent Russian institutions without legalization established by the Hague Convention of 1961 (came into force for China on 07.11.2023), since in the Agrement on Legal Assistance Russia and China agreed to exemption from legalization, an apostille is still not required in accordance with the Convention.

请注意，如果中国法院、中国司法部和俄罗斯司法部不检查翻译的准确性和所有文件的可用性，他们只会将您的申请转交给俄罗斯相关仲裁法院，由该法院进行核实。如果处理有误，您可能会被拒绝在俄罗斯承认和执行中国法院的裁决。

Please note that if the Chinese court, and then the Ministry of Justice of China and the Ministry of Justice of Russia, do not check the accuracy of the translation and the availability of all documents, they will simply transfer your application to the relevant arbitration court of Russia, which will handle the verification. And if something is done incorrectly, you may be denied recognition and enforcement of the decision of the Chinese court in Russia.

需要注意的是，俄罗斯存在拒绝承认和执行中国法院判决的风险。根据《中俄司法协助协定》第20条规定，在下列五种情形下，法院判决可能被拒绝承认和执行：
（一）该决定尚未生效或者不可执行；
（二）该案件属于俄罗斯法院的专属管辖权范围内；
（三）债务人未接到有关程序的通知，或没有适当的代表；
（四）俄罗斯仲裁法院或其他国家的法院已经就相同争议作出裁决，或正在审理相同诉讼请求的案件；
（五）在俄罗斯联邦领土上承认或执行该裁定可能对俄罗斯的主权、安全或社会秩序造成损害。

It should be taken into account that there is a risk of refusal to recognize and enforce decisions of the China courts in Russia. According to Article 20 of the Agreement on Legal Assistance between Russia and China, recognition and enforcement of a court decision may be refused in one of five cases:
(i) the decision has not entered into legal force or is not subject to enforcement;
(ii) the case falls within the exclusive competence of the Russian court;
(iii) the debtor was not notified of the process or did not have an appropriate representative;
(iv) an arbitration court in Russia or a court of another country has already issued a decision on an identical dispute or is considering a case on an identical claim;
(v) recognition or enforcement of the decision on the territory of the Russian Federation may cause damage to the sovereignty, security or public order of Russia.

如果上述四点比较清楚，那么第五点则被理解为违反基本法律原则，这些原则构成了国家经济、政治和法律制度建设的基础。这些原则尤其包括禁止那些损害国家主权或安全、影响大型社会群体利益或侵犯宪法权利和自由的行为。

If the four above-mentioned points are more or less clear, then point "v" is understood as a violation of fundamental legal principles and forms the basis for building the economic, political, and legal systems of the State. These include, in particular, a ban on actions if they damage the sovereignty or security of the State, affect the interests of large social groups, or violate constitutional rights and freedoms.

法院适用在俄罗斯法律中没有对应规定的外国法律规范、被告不参加审判以及债务人未对法院判决的执行提出异议，这些行为本身并不表明违反了公共秩序。

The application by the court of foreign law norms that have no analogues in Russian law, the defendant's non-participation in the trial, and the debtor's failure to file objections to the enforcement of the court's decision do not in themselves indicate a violation of public order.

例如，俄罗斯法院认为，执行一项外国仲裁裁决违反了俄罗斯的公共秩序，该裁决规定根据因商业贿赂而达成的未履行合同追偿罚款，或者如果该裁决是由外国法院的法官做出的，而该法官凭借其官方地位和权力能够影响一方当事人的行为，则法院拒绝执行。

As an example, a Russian court found a contradiction to the public order of Russia in the enforcement of a foreign arbitration award that provided for the recovery of a penalty under an unfulfilled contract concluded as a result of commercial bribery, or the court refused to enforce it if the decision was made by a judge of a foreign court who, by virtue of his official status and powers, is able to influence the actions of one of the parties.

同样重要的是，俄罗斯法院不会审查该争端，本质上，它只会检查裁决是否符合协议条款和俄罗斯公法。

It will also be important that the Russian court will not review the dispute, in essence, it will only check the compliance of the decision with the terms of the Agreement and Public law of Russia.

拒绝承认和执行外国法院裁决的最常见原因之一是俄罗斯对手方未就中国法院的诉讼程序进行适当通知。这一问题直接关系到保护当事人的诉讼权利和遵守审判公正的基本原则。如果争议方未就诉讼程序进行适当通知，从而剥夺了其保护其权利的机会，仲裁法院将拒绝承认和执行外国司法行为。

One of the most common reasons for refusing to recognize and enforce a foreign court decision is improper notification of your Russian opponent about the proceedings in the Chinese court. This issue is directly related to the protection of the procedural rights of the parties and compliance with the fundamental principle of fairness of the trial. The arbitration court refuses to recognize and enforce a foreign judicial act if the party to the dispute was not properly notified of the process, which deprived it of the opportunity to protect its rights.

例如，如果通知违反国家立法或国际条约的规定，使用当事人的非官方或不活跃的联系信息，或使用外语而未提供翻译，法院将认为通知不当。缺乏适当通知的证据（通常很难从外国法院审理的案件材料中获得原件）很可能成为拒绝申请的依据。

For example, the court will consider the notification improper if it contradicts the norms of national legislation or international treaties, is made using unofficial or inactive contact information of the party, or is in a foreign language without providing a translation. The absence of evidence of proper notification, the originals of which are often difficult to obtain from the materials of the case considered in a foreign court, will most likely be the basis for refusing the application.

根据俄罗斯法律，如果遵守国际条约规范所规定的通知程序，或者有证据表明当事人确实通知了外国法院的司法程序，则通知外国法院的司法程序是适当的。例如，有证据表明当事人知道此类程序。

In accordance with Russian law, notification of a judicial proceeding in a foreign court is proper if the notification procedure established by the norms of international treaties is observed, or there is evidence of actual notification of the party of the judicial proceeding in a foreign court. For example, evidence is presented that the party knew about such proceedings.

综上所述，可以说，在俄罗斯承认和执行中国法院的判决仍然是一个复杂但又在中俄经济关系日益密切的背景下极其重要的程序。

In conclusion, it can be said that the recognition and enforcement of decisions of Chinese courts in Russia remains a complex, but extremely important procedure in the context of the growing volume of Chinese-Russian economic relations.