喆学（127）：精读期刊论文研究对象和关键词定义

摘要：This issue of tweets will introduce the research object and keyword definitions of the intensive reading journal article "Supply C

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“喆学（127）：精读期刊论文

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研究对象和关键词定义。”

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"Zhexue (127): Intensive reading of journal articles

"supply Chain Coordination Considering Fairness Concerns "

Research object and keyword definition."

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本期推文将从思维导图、精读内容、知识补充三个方面介绍精读期刊论文《考虑公平关切的供应链契约与协调》研究对象和关键词定义。

This issue of tweets will introduce the research object and keyword definitions of the intensive reading journal article "Supply Chain Coordination Considering Fairness Concerns " from three aspects: Mind map, intensive reading content, and knowledge supplement.

一、思维导图（Mind Maps）

二、精读内容（Intensive reading content）

(1)研究对象(Study subjects)

供应链契约是供应链中各成员企业（如供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商等）之间的一种合作协议，旨在通过协调各方利益、分担风险和责任，优化供应链整体绩效，并公平分配收益。其核心目标是解决供应链中的协调问题，例如需求不确定性、双重边际效应（各环节逐级加价导致整体效率降低）以及信息不对称等。

A supply chain contract is a cooperation agreement between the member companies in the supply chain (such as suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, etc.), which aims to optimize the overall performance of the supply chain and fairly distribute the benefits by coordinating the interests of all parties, sharing risks and responsibilities. Its core goal is to solve coordination problems in the supply chain, such as demand uncertainty, double marginal effects (the price increase at each link leads to a decrease in overall efficiency) and information asymmetry.

供应链契约的关键要素如下：

The key elements of supply chain contracts are as follows:

1.责任与义务：明确各方的订货量、交货时间、库存管理、质量要求等，确保供应链运作顺畅。

1. Responsibilities and obligations: clarify the order quantity, delivery time, inventory management, quality requirements, etc. of each party to ensure the smooth operation of the supply chain.

2.风险分担：规定市场波动（如需求变化、库存过剩或短缺）带来的成本或损失如何分配，例如供应商回购未售出商品，或零售商承担部分缺货成本。

2. Risk sharing: stipulate how to allocate the costs or losses caused by market fluctuations (such as changes in demand, excess or shortage of inventory), such as suppliers buying back unsold goods, or retailers bearing part of the out-of-stock costs.

3.激励机制：通过利益共享（如收入分成）或成本补贴，促使各方采取对整体供应链有利的行为，例如零售商增加促销投入，供应商降低批发价。

3. Incentive mechanism: through benefit sharing (such as revenue sharing) or cost subsidies, encourage all parties to take actions that are beneficial to the overall supply chain, such as retailers increasing promotional investment and suppliers reducing wholesale prices.

4.灵活性条款：允许调整订单数量、价格或交货时间，以应对不确定的市场环境，例如数量弹性契约。

4. Flexibility clauses: allow adjustments to order quantity, price or delivery time to cope with uncertain market environments, such as quantity flexibility contracts.

(2)关键词定义(Keyword Definition)

1.供应链契约(Supply Chain Contract)

A supply chain contract is a cooperation agreement between member companies in the supply chain (such as suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, etc.), which aims to optimize the overall performance of the supply chain and fairly distribute benefits by coordinating the interests of all parties, sharing risks and responsibilities. Its core goal is to solve coordination problems in the supply chain, such as demand uncertainty, double marginal effects (gradual price increases at each link lead to reduced overall efficiency) and information asymmetry.

2.公平关切(Fairness Concern)

公平关切（Fairness Concern）是指供应链成员（如供应商、零售商等）在合作过程中对利益分配或决策结果是否公平合理的主观感知和关注。其核心在于成员不仅追求自身利益最大化，还会衡量自身收益与其他成员收益的相对公平性。这种关切可能显著影响合作意愿、决策行为及供应链整体效率。

Fairness concern refers to the subjective perception and concern of supply chain members (such as suppliers, retailers, etc.) on whether the distribution of benefits or decision-making results are fair and reasonable during the cooperation process. The core is that members not only pursue the maximization of their own interests, but also measure the relative fairness of their own benefits and the benefits of other members. This concern may significantly affect the willingness to cooperate, decision-making behavior and the overall efficiency of the supply chain.

成员会将自己的收益与其他成员的收益进行横向对比。例如，若供应商的利润率远高于零售商，零售商可能认为分配不公，从而调整订货策略或合作方式。即使某种分配方式在客观上符合理性经济原则，若成员主观认为不公平（如“被剥削感”），仍可能采取非理性行为（如减少投入、终止合作）。公平关切更强调成员间的长期信任与合作，而非短期利益最大化。公平感缺失可能导致供应链关系破裂。

Members will compare their own benefits with those of other members horizontally. For example, if the profit margin of the supplier is much higher than that of the retailer, the retailer may think that the distribution is unfair, and thus adjust the ordering strategy or cooperation method. Even if a certain distribution method objectively conforms to the rational economic principle, if members subjectively think it is unfair (such as "feeling of being exploited"), they may still take irrational actions (such as reducing investment and terminating cooperation). Fairness concerns emphasize long-term trust and cooperation among members rather than short-term benefit maximization. Lack of a sense of fairness may lead to a breakdown in supply chain relationships.

3.协调(Coordination)

协调（Coordination）是指多个独立主体（如企业、部门、个体等）通过信息共享、目标对齐、行动协同等方式，调整各自决策与行为，以实现系统整体最优目标的过程。其核心在于解决个体目标与集体目标之间的冲突，避免因分散决策导致的效率损失（如资源浪费、重复投入、响应滞后等）。

Coordination refers to the process in which multiple independent entities (such as enterprises, departments, individuals, etc.) adjust their respective decisions and behaviors through information sharing, goal alignment, and action coordination to achieve the overall optimal goal of the system. Its core lies in resolving conflicts between individual goals and collective goals and avoiding efficiency losses caused by decentralized decision-making (such as waste of resources, repeated investment, delayed response, etc.).

协调的核心内涵在于通过多维度协作机制实现系统整体效能优化。首先要求参与各方在目标层面达成一致性平衡，既兼顾局部利益又服从集体最优目标（例如供应链中供应商与零售商共同追求“总利润最大化”而非仅聚焦个体收益）；其次依赖于信息互通与共享，打破数据孤岛，通过实时交换需求预测、库存状态及产能数据等关键信息，有效抑制决策偏差（如牛鞭效应）；进而通过规则化行动协同（如契约协议、动态响应机制），促使各环节行为形成联动效应，典型表现为制造商依据零售商销售数据灵活调整生产节奏，或物流商与供应商同步运输计划以降低库存冗余；此外还需具备动态适应性，能够随市场需求波动、突发事件等环境变化实时调整策略，例如弹性供应链中基于实时数据驱动的订单再分配机制，从而构建兼具效率与韧性的协同网络。

The core connotation of coordination is to optimize the overall efficiency of the system through a multi-dimensional collaboration mechanism. First, all parties involved are required to reach a consistent balance at the goal level, taking into account both local interests and collective optimal goals (for example, suppliers and retailers in the supply chain jointly pursue "maximum total profits" rather than focusing only on individual benefits); secondly, rely on information exchange and sharing, break data silos, and effectively suppress decision-making biases (such as the bullwhip effect) through real-time exchange of key information such as demand forecasts, inventory status and production capacity data; and then through regularized action coordination (such as contractual agreements, dynamic response mechanisms), promote the formation of linkage effects in the behaviors of various links, which is typically manifested in manufacturers flexibly adjusting production rhythm based on retailer sales data, or logistics companies synchronizing transportation plans with suppliers to reduce inventory redundancy; in addition, it must have dynamic adaptability and be able to adjust strategies in real time with environmental changes such as market demand fluctuations and emergencies, such as an order redistribution mechanism driven by real-time data in a flexible supply chain, thereby building a collaborative network with both efficiency and resilience.

4.行为运筹(Behavioral Operations Research)

行为运筹（Behavioral Operations Research, BOR）是运筹学（Operations Research, OR）与行为科学交叉的新兴领域，研究人类心理、认知偏差及社会因素如何影响运营管理中的决策行为，并通过改进模型与机制设计，提升决策的合理性与系统效率。其核心在于突破传统运筹学“完全理性”假设的局限性，将现实中的非理性行为纳入分析框架，以更贴近实际的视角优化资源配置与流程设计。

Behavioral Operations Research (BOR) is an emerging field that intersects Operations Research (OR) and behavioral science. It studies how human psychology, cognitive biases and social factors affect decision-making behavior in operations management, and improves the rationality of decision-making and system efficiency by improving model and mechanism design. Its core lies in breaking through the limitations of the "completely rational" assumption of traditional operations research, incorporating irrational behaviors in reality into the analysis framework, and optimizing resource allocation and process design from a more practical perspective.

行为运筹的核心在于研究现实决策中的行为特征及其对运营系统的影响。它突破传统"完全理性"假设，重点关注决策者的有限理性、风险偏好、公平关切等行为特征，以及锚定效应、损失厌恶等心理偏差。例如，库存决策中的过度自信会导致缺货，供应商的公平感知失衡可能破坏合作。研究方法结合行为实验、建模（如嵌入心理变量的优化模型）和实证分析，为运营决策提供更贴近现实的解决方案。

The core of behavioral operations research is to study the behavioral characteristics in real-life decisions and their impact on the operating system. It breaks through the traditional "completely rational" assumption and focuses on the behavioral characteristics of decision makers such as limited rationality, risk preference, fairness concerns, and psychological biases such as anchoring effect and loss aversion. For example, overconfidence in inventory decisions can lead to stockouts, and imbalances in suppliers' fairness perceptions can undermine cooperation. The research method combines behavioral experiments, modeling (such as optimization models embedded with psychological variables) and empirical analysis to provide more realistic solutions for operational decisions.

三、知识补充（Knowledge supplement）

常见供应链契约类型：

Common supply chain contract types:

1.回购契约（Buyback Contract）

机制：供应商以一定价格回购零售商未售出的库存。

Mechanism: Suppliers buy back unsold inventory from retailers at a certain price.

作用：降低零售商过量订货的风险，刺激其增加订单量，提升供应链整体销量。

Function: Reduce the risk of retailers over-ordering, stimulate them to increase order volume, and increase overall supply chain sales.

2.收入共享契约（Revenue Sharing Contract）

机制：零售商将部分销售收入分给供应商，换取更低的批发价。

Mechanism: Retailers share part of their sales revenue with suppliers in exchange for lower wholesale prices.

作用：协调双方利益，常见于影视租赁（如Netflix与制片方）或快消品行业。

Function: Coordinate the interests of both parties, commonly seen in film and television rentals (such as Netflix and producers) or fast-moving consumer goods industries.

3.数量弹性契约（Quantity Flexibility Contract）

机制：允许零售商在观察到实际需求后调整订单量（如±20%）。

Mechanism: Allow retailers to adjust order quantities (such as ±20%) after observing actual demand.

作用：应对需求不确定性，减少库存积压和缺货风险。

Function: Deal with demand uncertainty and reduce inventory backlogs and out-of-stock risks.

4.批发价契约（Wholesale Price Contract）

机制：供应商设定固定批发价，零售商自主决定采购量。

Mechanism: Suppliers set a fixed wholesale price, and retailers decide on their own purchase volume.

局限性：可能导致双重边际效应，需与其他契约结合使用。

Limitations: May lead to double marginal effects and need to be used in combination with other contracts.

5.返利契约（Rebate Contract）

机制：供应商根据零售商销量提供返利，激励其扩大销售。