科学：治疗过敏的手段正在进步，即便是针对最危险的过敏类型

摘要：01 allergies are on the rise. Every year more people clog up in springtime or succumb to itchy eyes in the presence of pets. In Am

Treatment is improving, even for the most dangerous

01 allergies are on the rise. Every year more people clog up in springtime or succumb to itchy eyes in the presence of pets. In America the share of children with food allergies rose from 3.4% in 1997 to 5.8% in 2021, and there were similar increases elsewhere. But treatments allowing people to manage their allergies—even the most dangerous ones—are becoming increasingly effective, accessible and safe.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. allergies /ˈælərdʒiz/

词性：n.

释义：过敏症

例句：Allergies are on the rise.

翻译：过敏症发病率正在上升。

2. succumb /səˈkʌm/

词性：v.

释义：屈服

例句：Succumb to itchy eyes.

翻译：出现眼睛发痒症状。

3. accessible /əkˈsesəbl/

词性：adj.

释义：可获得的

例句：Treatments becoming accessible.

翻译：治疗方法变得更容易获得。

4. clog up /klɒɡ ʌp/

词性：短语动词

释义：堵塞

例句：Clog up in springtime.

翻译：春季出现鼻塞症状。

5. presence /ˈprezns/

词性：n.

释义：存在

例句：In the presence of pets.

翻译：在宠物存在的情况下。

6. itchy /ˈɪtʃi/

词性：adj.

释义：发痒的

例句：Itchy eyes reaction.

翻译：眼睛发痒的反应。

02 allergies arise when the immune system gets confused. Normally tasked with protecting the body from pathogens, in people with allergies it also reacts to harmless irritants, or allergens. In overactive immune systems, proteins responsible for recognising dangerous invading parasites, known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, start to become sensitive to allergens, too.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. arise /əˈraɪz/

词性：v.

释义：产生

例句：Allergies arise when immune system confused.

翻译：当免疫系统混乱时会产生过敏。

2. pathogens /ˈpæθədʒənz/

词性：n.

释义：病原体

例句：Protecting body from pathogens.

翻译：保护身体免受病原体侵害。

3. allergens /ˈælədʒənz/

词性：n.

释义：过敏原

例句：Reacts to harmless allergens.

翻译：对无害过敏原产生反应。

4. immunoglobulin /ˌɪmjʊnəʊˈɡlɒbjʊlɪn/

词性：n.

释义：免疫球蛋白

例句：Immunoglobulin E antibodies.

翻译：免疫球蛋白E抗体。

5. overactive /ˌəʊvərˈæktɪv/

词性：adj.

释义：过度活跃的

例句：Overactive immune systems.

翻译：过度活跃的免疫系统。

6. irritants /ˈɪrɪtənts/

词性：n.

释义：刺激物

例句：Harmless irritants cause reactions.

翻译：无害刺激物引发反应。

03 This can cause them to raise the alarm each time they come into contact with the allergen, which prompts the body to produce a signalling chemical known as histamine. When the body is under threat from a parasite, histamine can help expel it by producing mucus and provoking coughing. But for people with allergies, the response can go overboard, causing allergic symptoms such as wheezing and hives. In the worst case, histamine can provoke a whole-body reaction known as anaphylactic shock, which can block the airways and cause suffocation.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. histamine /ˈhɪstəmiːn/

词性：n.

释义：组胺

例句：Signaling chemical histamine.

翻译：信号化学物质组胺。

2. anaphylactic /ˌænəfɪˈlæktɪk/

词性：adj.

释义：过敏性的

例句：Anaphylactic shock reaction.

翻译：过敏性休克反应。

3. wheezing /ˈwiːzɪŋ/

词性：n.

释义：喘息

例句：Symptoms include wheezing.

翻译：症状包括喘息。

4. overboard /ˈəʊvəbɔːd/

词性：adv.

释义：过度地

例句：Response can go overboard.

翻译：反应可能过度。

5. airways /ˈeəweɪz/

词性：n.

释义：气道

例句：Block the airways.

翻译：阻塞气道。

6. hives /haɪvz/

词性：n.

释义：荨麻疹

例句：Allergic symptoms like hives.

翻译：荨麻疹等过敏症状。

04 Desensitisation is possible. A family of treatments known as immunotherapies work by repeatedly exposing the body to tiny and gradually increasing amounts of allergen. For common allergens, such as pollen and dust mites, immunotherapy—in the form of drops, shots or tablets—is now common, and highly effective for most people.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. desensitisation /diːˌsensɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən/

词性：n.

释义：脱敏

例句：Desensitisation is possible.

翻译：脱敏是可能的。

2. immunotherapies /ˌɪmjʊnəʊˈθerəpiz/

词性：n.

释义：免疫疗法

例句：Family of treatments immunotherapies.

翻译：免疫疗法治疗家族。

3. pollen /ˈpɒlən/

词性：n.

释义：花粉

例句：Common allergens like pollen.

翻译：花粉等常见过敏原。

4. tablets /ˈtæblɪts/

词性：n.

释义：药片

例句：Immunotherapy in tablet form.

翻译：片剂形式的免疫疗法。

5. drops /drɒps/

词性：n.

释义：滴剂

例句：Treatment in form of drops.

翻译：滴剂形式的治疗。

6. shots /ʃɒts/

词性：n.

释义：注射剂

例句：Immunotherapy shots available.

翻译：可用的免疫疗法注射剂。

05 Progress has been slower for food allergies, in part because they carry a higher risk of anaphylaxis. The outlook has started to brighten. In 2020 America’s Food and Drug Administration approved the first oral immunotherapy for children with peanut allergy, a powder containing peanut protein. Children who take the powder with food react less, but the increased dosage must be given under medical supervision to avoid reactions and children should still follow a strict peanut-free diet.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. anaphylaxis /ˌænəfɪˈlæksɪs/

词性：n.

释义：过敏反应

例句：Higher risk of anaphylaxis.

翻译：更高的过敏反应风险。

2. oral /ˈɔːrəl/

词性：adj.

释义：口服的

例句：First oral immunotherapy approved.

翻译：首个口服免疫疗法获批。

3. supervision /ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒən/

词性：n.

释义：监督

例句：Under medical supervision.

翻译：在医疗监督下。

4. dosage /ˈdəʊsɪdʒ/

词性：n.

释义：剂量

例句：Increased dosage gradually.

翻译：逐渐增加剂量。

5. peanut-free /ˈpiːnʌt friː/

词性：adj.

释义：不含花生的

例句：Peanut-free diet required.

翻译：需要无花生饮食。

6. brighten /ˈbraɪtn/

词性：v.

释义：改善

例句：Outlook started to brighten.

翻译：前景开始改善。

06 Options that could allow patients to increase their tolerance more safely are on their way. Companies are developing immunotherapies based on small fragments of allergen proteins called peptides. These seem to increase tolerance to the allergens without setting off harmful immune reactions.

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1. tolerance /ˈtɒlərəns/

词性：n.

释义：耐受性

例句：Increase tolerance safely.

翻译：安全提高耐受性。

2. peptides /ˈpeptaɪdz/

词性：n.

释义：肽

例句：Small fragments called peptides.

翻译：称为肽的小片段。

3. fragments /ˈfræɡmənts/

词性：n.

释义：片段

例句：Fragments of allergen proteins.

翻译：过敏原蛋白片段。

4. setting off /ˈsetɪŋ ɒf/

词性：短语动词

释义：引发

例句：Without setting off reactions.

翻译：不会引发反应。

5. options /ˈɒpʃənz/

词性：n.

释义：选择

例句：New options on the way.

翻译：新的选择正在出现。

6. harmful /ˈhɑːmfəl/

词性：adj.

释义：有害的

例句：Avoid harmful immune reactions.

翻译：避免有害的免疫反应。

07 Another avenue is blocking IgE antibodies. In a trial in 2024, 79 of 118 people with allergies to several foods were able to ingest 600mg of their allergens after taking a monoclonal antibody called omalizumab for 16 to 20 weeks, compared with only five of the 59 participants in the control group. As patients must keep taking omalizumab to feel its effects, some researchers hope to prescribe it to patients while building their tolerance through regular or peptide immunotherapy.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. monoclonal /ˌmɒnəʊˈkləʊnəl/

词性：adj.

释义：单克隆的

例句：Monoclonal antibody treatment.

翻译：单克隆抗体治疗。

2. ingest /ɪnˈdʒest/

词性：v.

释义：摄入

例句：Able to ingest allergens.

翻译：能够摄入过敏原。

3. participants /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənts/

词性：n.

释义：参与者

例句：Participants in control group.

翻译：对照组参与者。

4. prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/

词性：v.

释义：开处方

例句：Prescribe to patients.

翻译：给患者开处方。

5. avenue /ˈævənjuː/

词性：n.

释义：途径

例句：Another avenue is blocking IgE.

翻译：另一种途径是阻断IgE。

6. compared with /kəmˈpeəd wɪð/

词性：短语

释义：与...相比

例句：Compared with control group.

翻译：与对照组相比。

08 The burst of innovation is particularly good news for allergic adults. Because the immune system becomes less flexible with age, adults are harder to treat than children and are often excluded from immunotherapy trials. This, too, is changing. The omalizumab trial from 2024 included a small number of adults, and in April an adult-only trial showed that standard oral immunotherapy, done carefully over months, could build patients up to a dose of four daily peanuts.

点击空白处查看词汇解析

1. burst /bɜːst/

词性：n.

释义：爆发

例句：Burst of innovation.

翻译：创新爆发。

2. flexible /ˈfleksəbl/

词性：adj.

释义：灵活的

例句：Immune system less flexible.

翻译：免疫系统灵活性降低。

3. excluded /ɪkˈskluːdɪd/

词性：v.

释义：排除

例句：Often excluded from trials.

翻译：经常被排除在试验外。

4. adult-only /ˈædʌlt ˈəʊnli/

词性：adj.

释义：仅成人的

例句：Adult-only trial conducted.

翻译：进行了仅成人试验。

5. standard /ˈstændəd/

词性：adj.

释义：标准的

例句：Standard oral immunotherapy.

翻译：标准口服免疫疗法。

6. dose /dəʊs/

词性：n.

释义：剂量

例句：Build up to a dose.

翻译：逐渐增加至一定剂量。

精读分析

①短语

1.原文：Allergies are on the rise.

词典: on the rise在增加；在上涨

例句：Worries about booze are on the rise.

人们对酗酒的担忧日益加剧。

2.原文：Every year more people clog up in springtime or succumb to itchy eyes in the presence of pets.

词典: succumb to屈服于；感染，死于（疾病）

in the presence of 在…面前；有…在场

例句：A few years later, Katya succumbed to cancer in London.

几年后，卡佳因患癌症在伦敦病逝。

The researchers grew the bacteria together in a test tube, in the presence of both antibiotics.

研究人员在一个实验试管两种抗生素都存在的情况下将这两种菌株同时培养。

3.原文：Options that could allow patients to increase their tolerance more safely are on their way.

词典: on one’s way即将发生或即将到达

例句：Self-driving taxis are on their way to becoming mainstream in urban transport.

自动驾驶出租车即将成为城市交通的主流选择。

4.原文：These seem to increase tolerance to the allergens without setting off harmful immune reactions.

词典: set off 引发；激起

例句：Panic on the stock market set off a wave of selling.

股市恐慌引发了一轮抛售潮。

5.原文：The omalizumab trial from 2024 included a small number of adults, and in April an adult-only trial showed that standard oral immunotherapy, done carefully over months, could build patients up to a dose of four daily peanuts.

词典: build up增强…的体质；使更加强壮

例句：You need more protein to build you up.

你需要更多蛋白质以增强体质。

② 长难句分析

1. 原文：Children who take the powder with food react less, but the increased dosage must be given under medical supervision to avoid reactions and children should still follow a strict peanut-free diet.

分析：本句包含一个定语从句。主句“Children react less, but the increased dosage must be given under... and children should still follow a strict peanut-free diet”为并列句，由并列连词but, and进行连接；“who take the powder with food”为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Children。

译文：服用这种粉末的儿童在接触食物时反应会减轻，但增加剂量必须在医疗监督下进行，以避免不良反应，而且儿童仍应严格遵循无花生饮食。

2. 原文：The omalizumab trial from 2024 included a small number of adults, and in April an adult-only trial showed that standard oral immunotherapy, done carefully over months, could build patients up to a dose of four daily peanuts.

分析：本句包含一个宾语从句。主句“The omalizumab trial included a small number of adults, and in April an adult-only trial showed that...”为并列句，由并列连词and进行连接；“standard oral immunotherapy could build patients up to a dose of four daily peanuts”为宾语从句，作showed的宾语，从句中“done carefully over months”为过去分词作定语，修饰standard oral immunotherapy。

译文：2024年的奥马珠单抗试验纳入了少量成人，4月的一项仅针对成人的试验显示，经过数月的谨慎治疗，标准口服免疫疗法可以让患者逐步耐受每天四颗花生的剂量。

③ 写作技巧

Another avenue is blocking IgE antibodies.

另一条途径是阻断IgE抗体。

生词：avenue n.选择；途径；手段

road、street、avenue都可以指路，具体区别如下：

road是路的总称，不管是羊肠小道还是宽阔的大道，都可以称为road。连接两地之间的通道都可以称作road。

street通常指人口比较密集的城镇中的公共道路，道路两侧有建筑。

avenue 通常是指城市中的大且宽的路，旁边会分布建筑物或景观树，是经过拓宽且周围绿化的路。

avenue 还有比喻义，表示抽象的道路，意为“方法；途径；渠道”。这种用法使表达更加生动形象，富有创意，可以替换way、method等常见词汇。

例句：My university education opens avenues for my successful career.

我的大学教育为我事业成功开辟了道路。