摘要：This tweet will introduce the research objects and keyword definitions of the journal paper" Improving emergency responsiveness wi
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今天小编为大家带来“越览（81）：精读期刊论文
《Improving emergency responsiveness with management science》的研究对象和关键词定义”。
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＂Yue Lan (81)：Intensive reading of the journal article
＇Improving emergency responsiveness with management science: Research objects and keyword definitions＇＂.
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一、内容摘要（Summary of content）
本期推文将从思维导图、精读内容、知识补充三个方面介绍期刊论文《Improving emergency responsiveness with management science》的研究对象和关键词定义。
This tweet will introduce the research objects and keyword definitions of the journal paper" Improving emergency responsiveness with management science" from three aspects: mind mapping, intensive reading content, and knowledge supplementation.
二、思维导图（Mind mapping）
三、精读内容（Intensive reading content）
（一）研究对象——应急响应能力（Research object— Emergency response capability）
应急响应能力是指一个组织、系统或个人在面对突发事件或危机时，迅速、有效地采取措施以减轻影响、恢复正常状态的能力。该能力通常包括预测风险、制定应急预案、资源调配、协调行动以及事后恢复的综合能力。应急响应能力的高低直接影响危机应对的效率和结果。
Emergency response capacity refers to the ability of an organization, system or individual to take prompt and effective measures to mitigate the impact and restore normal conditions when facing an emergency or crisis. This capability usually includes general capabilities such as predicting risks, formulating emergency plans, deploying resources, coordinating actions and recovering afterwards. The level of emergency response capacity directly affects the efficiency and results of crisis response.
（二）关键词定义（Keyword definition）
1. 应用（Application）
在本文中，“应用”是指将管理科学和运筹学模型和分析方法实际应用于解决现实问题的过程。文章探讨了管理科学工具如何用于紧急响应系统的优化，以实现更高效的资源分配和决策支持。例如，通过模拟和优化模型分析警察、消防和救护车的部署位置和调度策略，从而降低响应时间，提高资源利用率。具体的应用案例包括：利用队列模型和优化算法为消防局设计动态资源调配方案、开发“巡逻车分配模型”（PCAM）来优化警车在各个巡区和时间段内的分配、通过模拟分析急救车的最佳部署位置，以改善急救响应时间。
In this paper, "application" refers to the process of applying management science and operations research models and analytical methods in practice to solve real-world problems. The article explores how management science tools can be used in the optimization of emergency response systems for more efficient quotas and decision support. For example, the deployment location and dispatch strategies of police, fire and ambulances are analyzed through simulation and optimization models, resulting in reduced response times and improved resource utilization.
Specific application cases include: the use of queue models and optimization algorithms to design dynamic resource allocation schemes for fire departments, the development of a "Patrol Vehicle Allocation Model" (PCAM) to optimize the allocation of police vehicles in various patrol areas and time periods, and the simulation and analysis of the optimal deployment location of ambulances to improve emergency response time.
2. 紧急服务（Emergency services）
紧急服务包括警察、消防和救护等机构提供的服务，其目标是在紧急事件（如犯罪、火灾、医疗紧急情况）发生时，快速响应并有效减少对人类生命和财产的威胁。
Emergency services include services provided by police, fire, and ambulance agencies, with the goal of responding quickly and effectively reducing threats to human life and property in the event of an emergency, such as a crime, fire, or medical emergency.
这些服务具有显著的特点，包括高效性和及时性，即在资源有限的情况下迅速作出反应，以最大限度降低事故造成的损失；同时，紧急服务还具有复杂性，因为需要同时应对诸多不确定性因素，例如事件的发生时间与地点以及服务资源的可用性。本文探讨了管理科学工具在优化紧急服务资源配置和提升响应效率中的应用。
These services have significant characteristics, including efficiency and timeliness, that is, rapid response to limited resources to minimize damage caused by accidents. At the same time, emergency services are also complex because they need to deal with many uncertainties at the same time, such as the time and location of incidents and the availability of service resources. This article explores the application of management science tools to optimize the allocation of emergency service resources and improve response efficiency.
3. 公共部门（public sector）
在本文中，“公共部门”是指由政府管理和资助的组织与机构，其主要职责是为社会提供基本的公共服务，例如警察局、消防局和公共医疗系统。文章着重讨论了公共部门在应用管理科学模型时所面临的独特挑战与机遇。公共部门通常受到预算有限但需求日益增加的约束，这一矛盾使得通过管理科学工具优化资源配置成为一种迫切需求。
In this article, the "public sector" refers to organizations and institutions managed and funded by the government, whose main responsibility is to provide basic public services to society, such as police stations, fire stations, and public health systems. The article focuses on the unique challenges and opportunities that the public sector faces in applying management science models. The public sector is often constrained by limited budgets but increasing demands. This contradiction makes it urgent to optimize the allocation of resources through management science tools.
四、知识补充——平方根模型（Knowledge supplement — Square root model）
平方根模型是本文中提到的一个重要工具，用于估算紧急服务系统中平均响应距离和时间的理论模型。它基于以下基本原理：在一个给定区域内，当可用资源（如消防站或警车）数量增加时，平均响应距离会随着资源数量的平方根成反比减少。这个模型简单但高效，特别适用于分析资源分配和位置优化问题。
The square root model is an important tool mentioned in this article for estimating the theoretical model of the average response distance and time in an emergency services system. It is based on the following basic principles: In a given area, when the number of available resources (such as fire stations or police cars) increases, the average response distance decreases in inverse proportion to the square root of the number of resources. This model is simple but efficient and is particularly suitable for analyzing quota and location optimization problems.
平方根模型假设区域内事件发生的分布是均匀的，并基于几何和概率理论推导出响应距离与资源数量的关系：
The square root model assumes that the distribution of events in the region is uniform, and the relationship between the response distance and the number of resources is derived based on geometry and probability theory.
平方根模型具有明显的优势，使其成为紧急服务系统中资源规划的重要工具。首先，该模型简单易用，其计算方法直观明了，所需的数据和计算资源较少，因此非常适合资源有限的实际应用场景。其次，由于其核心假设较为通用，该模型在大多数需求分布均匀的场景下能够提供可靠的初步估算，为进一步优化提供了有价值的参考。
The square root model has obvious advantages, making it an important tool for resource planning in emergency service systems. Firstly, the model is simple to use, its calculation method is intuitive and clear, and it requires less data and computing resources, so it is very suitable for practical application scenarios with limited resources. Secondly, due to its general core assumptions, the model can provide reliable preliminary estimates in most scenarios with uniform demand distribution, providing a valuable reference for further optimization.
然而，平方根模型也存在一定的局限性。一个主要问题是模型假设事件分布均匀，但实际中事件的发生往往受地理、人口密度和经济活动等多种因素的影响，尤其是在复杂的城市环境中。这种不均匀性可能导致模型估算结果偏离实际，因此需要结合其他模型（如队列模型或模拟方法）进行修正。此外，模型忽略了诸多关键因素，例如实时交通状况、道路通行能力以及资源利用率的动态波动，这些因素在现实中对响应时间有着重要影响。
However, the square root model also has certain limitations. A major problem is that the model assumes a uniform distribution of events, but in practice the occurrence of events is often influenced by factors such as geography, population density, and economic activity, especially in complex urban environments. This inhomogeneity can lead to model estimates that deviate from reality, so it needs to be corrected in combination with other models (such as cohort models or simulation methods). In addition, the model ignores many key factors, such as real-time traffic conditions, road capacity, and dynamic fluctuations in resource utilization, which in reality have a significant impact on response times.
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翻译：火山翻译
参考资料：百度百科、Chat GPT
参考文献：Linda V. Green, Peter J. Kolesar. Improving Emergency Responsiveness with Management Science [J]. Management Science, 2004, 50(8): 1001-1014.
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