摘要：工时定额（标准工作时间）是指在一定的技术状态和生产组织模式下，按照产品工艺工序加工完成一个合格产品所需要的工作时间、准备时间、休息时间与生理时间的总和。对于其测定方法，下面将分别详细阐述测时法、预定时间标准法（PTS）中的MOD/模特法以及工作抽样法。
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Learning over a thousand mountains：Standard Time (or Work Norm) ，
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思维导图
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工时定额（标准工作时间）是指在一定的技术状态和生产组织模式下，按照产品工艺工序加工完成一个合格产品所需要的工作时间、准备时间、休息时间与生理时间的总和。对于其测定方法，下面将分别详细阐述测时法、预定时间标准法（PTS）中的MOD/模特法以及工作抽样法。
Standard Time (or Work Norm) refers to the total of working time, preparation time, rest time, and physiological time required to complete a qualified product according to the product's technological process and under a certain technical state and production organization mode. Regarding its measurement methods, the following will elaborate on the Time Study Method, the MOD/Model Method within the Predetermined Time Standards (PTS), and the Work Sampling Method in detail.
测时法
Time Study Method
测时法是通过直接观察和测定某工序或作业的执行时间，并考虑人在紧张状态下的异常情况，来确定标准工作时间的一种方法。这种方法通常需要考虑人的疲劳、工作节奏、操作熟练程度等因素对工作时间的影响。然而，它可能受到观察者主观判断的影响，因此需要谨慎操作以确保准确性。
The Time Study Method is a method of determining standard time by directly observing and measuring the execution time of a certain process or task, while also considering abnormal conditions under stress. This method typically takes into account factors such as human fatigue, work pace, and operational proficiency that affect working time. However, it may be influenced by the observer's subjective judgments, so it requires careful operation to ensure accuracy.
预定时间标准法（PTS）
Predetermined Time Standards (PTS)
预定时间标准法是一种利用预先为各种操作所制定的时间标准来确定进行各种操作所需要的时间的方法。它不是通过直接观察和测定来确定，而是将作业分解成基本动作，并为每个基本动作制定标准时间。这种方法的核心在于将复杂的作业过程简化为一系列基本动作的组合，从而便于时间的测量和计算。
The Predetermined Time Standards (PTS) is a method of determining the time required for various operations using predefined time standards for those operations. Instead of relying on direct observation and measurement, it decomposes tasks into basic actions and establishes standard times for each. The core of this method lies in simplifying complex task processes into a series of combined basic actions, thereby facilitating time measurement and calculation.
在PTS中，MOD/模特法是一种常用的技术。MOD（Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards）法，即模特法，是一种基于人体工程学实验的时间研究方法。它根据人的动作级次，选择一个正常人的级次最低、速度最快、能量消耗最少的手指一次动作的时间消耗值，作为它的时间单位，定为1MOD。MOD法具有易懂、易学、易记的特点，并且基本动作只有21种，便于记忆和应用。此外，MOD法还可以根据作业强度、疲劳程度等因素对时间值进行调整，以更准确地反映实际情况。
Within PTS, the MOD/Model Method is a commonly used technique. MOD (Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards), also known as the Model Method, is a time study method based on ergonomics experiments. It selects the time consumption value of a single finger movement with the lowest level of effort, fastest speed, and least energy consumption for a normal person as its time unit, defined as 1 MOD. The MOD Method is easy to understand, learn, and remember, with only 21 basic actions, facilitating memorization and application. Additionally, the MOD Method can adjust time values based on factors such as workload intensity and fatigue levels to more accurately reflect actual situations.
工作抽样法
Work Sampling Method
工作抽样法是通过随机抽取样本，观察并记录样本在特定时间内的工作状态，然后根据样本数据推算出整体的工作时间的一种方法。这种方法的关键在于确定合适的样本量和时间长度，以确保样本数据的代表性和准确性。
The Work Sampling Method is a method of estimating overall working time by randomly selecting samples, observing and recording their work status within a specific period, and then extrapolating from the sample data. The key to this method lies in determining an appropriate sample size and duration to ensure the representativeness and accuracy of the sample data.
工作抽样法的优点在于它可以在不干扰正常工作流程的情况下进行时间测定，避免了因观察者的介入而对工作时间产生的影响。同时，它还可以根据实际需要灵活调整样本量和时间长度，以适应不同规模和复杂度的作业环境。然而，工作抽样法也可能受到样本选择、观察误差等因素的影响，因此需要在实施过程中加以控制。
The advantage of the Work Sampling Method is that it can measure time without interfering with normal workflow, avoiding the impact on working time due to the observer's intervention. At the same time, it can flexibly adjust the sample size and duration according to actual needs to adapt to different scales and complexities of the work environment. However, the Work Sampling Method may also be affected by factors such as sample selection and observation errors, so it requires control during implementation.
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翻译：百度翻译
参考资料：百度百科，
《生产运作管理》ISBN：9787111703570
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来源：菲尔顺教育