宋圭武：领导干部能否做到让单位的每一个人都满意

摘要：面对群众，领导干部一般有三种选择。一种选择是拉帮结派，只对一小部分人好，对大部分人打压。这种情况必然导致小部分人的利益增加，大部分人的利益受损。按照经济学原理，或按照一般人的心理分析，一般人们更厌恶损失，在这种情况下，大部分受到利益损失的人对领导的总负面评价值

领导干部能否做到让单位的每一个人都满意，按照阿罗不可能性定理，这是不可能的，但可以尽可能让绝大多数人满意。

领导干部如何做才能让绝大多数人满意，关键是要公正。

面对群众，领导干部一般有三种选择。一种选择是拉帮结派，只对一小部分人好，对大部分人打压。这种情况必然导致小部分人的利益增加，大部分人的利益受损。按照经济学原理，或按照一般人的心理分析，一般人们更厌恶损失，在这种情况下，大部分受到利益损失的人对领导的总负面评价值必然在绝对值上很大，要大大高于利益增加人对领导的总正面评价值，而且在这种情况下，大部分人会对领导产生报复行动，最终导致领导的总收益为负值，且负值的绝对值可能很大。

一种选择是领导对大部分人好，但对一小部分人打压。这种情况领导的总收益可能会为正值，也可能会为负值，这要看对小部分人的打压程度如何。若对小部分人的打压程度能守住底线，领导的总收益可能会为正值，但若对小部分人的打压守不住底线，则领导的总收益也可能会为负值。因为若守不住底线，按照社会交换的对等原则，这小部分人必然对领导也可能会产生守不住底线的行为，比如情绪过激走极端，甚至杀了领导的全家等，这种情况也会导致领导的利益大损。

一种选择是领导对所有群众都公正对待，这种情况领导可以让绝大多数人满意，领导总收益最大。

总之，一般而言，领导的最优选择是公正对待所有群众，次优选择是对大部分人好，对小部分不好，但对小部分不好的人能守住底线，而其他选择要么是收益和风险都高，要么是收益低且风险高。

当然，一些心胸狭窄且爱打击报复的领导，是很难做到最优选择的。虽然领导打击报复能快活一时，但在后续的博弈中，这些心胸狭窄爱打击报复的领导，也会遭到群众的有力反击。比如，有些人可能会持续找领导的不是，可能会持续告状等，最终导致领导崩盘。

总之，领导干部坚持公正，不仅对自己好，也对别人好，同时对社会也好，而且这种好是长期的；而其他选择都是次优或最差的选择，不仅对自己不好，对别人也不好，对社会也不好，而且不好也是长期的。公正是领导干部最优秀的品格。

另外，如何公正，不同人会有不同看法。所以，即使领导自己努力实现公正，但按照阿罗不可能定理，要做到人人满意很难，总是会有少数人或极少数人不满意。当然对这种情况可以通过动态调整来矫正误差，使公正误差尽可能最小化。但不管怎样，最终，领导到退休，可能还会有不满意的。

总之，要实现对群众公正，不仅考验领导的大德性，也考验领导的大智慧。而既有大德性，又有大智慧的领导，总是少数。人才难得，领导人才更难得。

Song Guiwu : leading cadres can do to let every unit of everyone satisfied

leading cadres can do to let every unit of everyone satisfied, according to Arrow's impossibility theorem, this is impossible, but can as far as possible to make the vast majority of people satisfied. How to do leading cadres can make the vast majority of people satisfied, the key is fair. Facing the masses, leading cadres generally have three choices.One choice is to form cliques, only a small number of people, the majority of the people.This situation is bound to lead to the interests of a small number of people increased, the interests of the majority of people damaged.According to the principles of economics, or according to the psychological analysis of the general people, the general people more aversion to loss, in this case, the majority of people who suffer from the loss of interests of the total negative evaluation value of the leadership is bound to be very large in absolute value, to be much higher than the interests of the total positive evaluation value of the leadership, and in this case, the majority of people will have a revenge action against the leadership, and eventually lead to the total income of the leadership is negative, and the absolute value of the negative may be very large. One choice is to lead the majority of people, but the majority of the people.This situation of the total income of the leadership may be positive, may also be negative, it depends on the degree of the small number of people. If the pressure on the small number of people can keep the bottom line, the total return of the leader may be positive, but if the pressure on the small number of people can not keep the bottom line, the total return of the leader may be negative.Because if the bottom line can not be kept, according to the principle of reciprocity in social exchange, the small number of people will inevitably have behaviors that can not keep the bottom line, such as going to extremes in their emotions, even killing the leader's family, etc., which will also lead to great losses of the leader's interests. One option is that the leader treats all the masses fairly, in which case the leader can satisfy the vast majority of people and maximize the total return of the leader. In a word, in general, the optimal choice of the leader is to treat all the masses fairly. The second best choice is good for most people and bad for a small number, but the small number of people who are not good can keep the bottom line. Other choices are either high in return and risk, or low in return and high in risk. Of course, some narrow-minded and loving revenge leaders can hardly achieve the optimal choice.Although the leader can be happy for a while, in the subsequent game, these narrow-minded and loving revenge leaders will also be strongly counterattacked by the masses.For example, some people may continue to find the fault of the leader, may continue to complain, etc., and finally lead to the leader's collapse. In short, leading cadres adhere to justice, not only for their own good, but also for others, and good for society, and this good is long-term;and other choices are suboptimal or worst choice, not only for their own good, but also for others, and bad for society, and not good is long-term.Justice is the most outstanding character of leading cadres.In addition, how to be fair, different people will have different views.So, even if the leadership efforts to achieve justice, but according to Arrow's impossible theorem, it is difficult to make everyone satisfied, there will always be a few people or a very small number of people are not satisfied.Of course, this situation can be corrected by dynamic adjustment to minimize the error of justice.But no matter how, eventually, the leadership to retire, there may still be unsatisfied.In short, to achieve justice to the masses, not only test the leadership of great virtue, but also test the leadership of great wisdom.And both have great virtue, and great wisdom of the leadership, always a minority.Talent is rare, leading talent is more rare.