宋圭武：高考对农村发展的推动作用应比家庭承包制大

摘要：高考对农村发展的推动作用应比家庭承包制大。家庭承包制虽然有助于调动农民生产的积极性，但缺乏规模效益和分工效益，后劲不足。在统购统销政策没有取消的情况下，承包制还是有一定效率的，因为农民不存在销售困难问题。如上世纪改革开放初期到上世纪八十年代中期，承包制还是发挥

高考对农村发展的推动作用应比家庭承包制大。家庭承包制虽然有助于调动农民生产的积极性，但缺乏规模效益和分工效益，后劲不足。在统购统销政策没有取消的情况下，承包制还是有一定效率的，因为农民不存在销售困难问题。如上世纪改革开放初期到上世纪八十年代中期，承包制还是发挥了一定积极作用。但在85年国家开始逐步取消统购统销政策并逐步市场化后，小家庭承包经营农业的弊端凸显，如小生产与大市场对接问题、农业增产不增收问题等日益突出，如何应对，从86年开始，国家专门成立扶贫机构，全面扶贫，同时鼓励乡镇企业和个体经济发展，同时，又鼓励农业向合作化规模化方向发展。在这个过程中，乡镇企业和个体经济发展确实对三农发展起到了推进作用，但副作用也很大。如环境污染问题、假冒伪劣产品问题、诸侯经济问题等，还产生了一个最大的问题是，对公有制经济冲击很大。上世纪90年代以后，国有企业面临大面积亏损等问题，与乡镇企业的过度发展是有很大关系的。而公有制经济出现亏损，对上，国家财政出现困难，对下，职工大面积下岗，出现维稳等问题，社会维稳经费超过国防费用。如何解决国家财政困难，94年，国家实行分税制改革，但同时紧接着地方财政又出现困难，如何解决，94年以后，土地财政开始扩张，房地产一路高歌。截止目前，土地财政已经难以为继，如何化解当前问题，乡村振兴是必然选择，尤其要守好粮食安全和防止大规模返贫两个底线问题。

改革开放后，如何看待三农发展，应是一个合力的结果。如国家全面加大对三农的补贴支持力度、农村进一步放活等，但不能忽视高考的带动作用。目前我们看到的一些农村的发展，其实有些更多与高考有关。比如，一些农家子弟通过高考变为国家干部，带动家庭变好，这应是高考的功能，不是承包制的功劳。通过多年高考积累，很多农村家庭孩子甚至几乎每一家至少有一个孩子或者有的家庭几乎所有的孩子都走出了农门，带动了家庭的富裕。另外，通过高考，也转移了部分农村剩余劳动力。另外，农业中的一部分技术人员，也是高考的结果。综合看，个人认为，应是高考对农村的推进作用要大于家庭承包制的作用。

其实，高考不仅带动了农村发展，对国家发展的带动作用也很大。高考是改革开放最成功的制度建设之一，尽管高考的副作用也不小，但其正向作用更大。高考最主要的特点是体现了公平竞争原则，这是高考最大的善。不管制度如何设计，只要满足公平竞争原则，就是好的。对一个国家而言，越是体现公平竞争的制度越多，国家发展的后劲就越足，社会越稳定富裕。

Song Guiwu : The college entrance examination should be bigger than the family contract system to promote rural development

The college entrance examination should be bigger than the family contract system to promote rural development. Although the family contract system helps to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers' production, it lacks scale efficiency and division of labor efficiency, and has insufficient staying power. In the case of the unified purchase and marketing policy has not been cancelled, the contract system is still efficient, because farmers do not have sales difficulties. For example, from the early stage of reform and opening up to the middle of the 1980s, the contract system has played a positive role. But after the country began to gradually cancel the unified purchase and marketing policy in 1985 and gradually marketization, the disadvantages of small family contracting agriculture are prominent, such as the problem of connecting small production and large market, and the problem of increasing agricultural production without increasing income. How to deal with this problem? Since 1986, the state has set up a special poverty alleviation organization to comprehensively alleviate poverty, and at the same time encourage the development of township enterprises and individual economy. At the same time, it also encourages agriculture to develop in the direction of cooperative scale. In this process, the development of township enterprises and individual economy has indeed promoted the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, but the side effects are also very large. For example, the problems of environmental pollution, fake and inferior products, feudal economy, etc., and also produced a biggest problem, which is that it has a great impact on the public sector. After the 1990s, state-owned enterprises faced large-scale losses and other problems, which were largely related to the excessive development of township enterprises.The public sector of the economy suffered losses, which were difficult for the state finance, and for the workers, large-scale layoffs and stability problems, and the social stability funds exceeded the national defense expenses.How to solve the national financial difficulties? In 1994, the state implemented the reform of the tax distribution system, but at the same time, the local finance was difficult. How to solve it? After 1994, the land finance began to expand, and the real estate industry was flourishing.Up to now, the land finance has been unsustainable. How to solve the current problems? Rural revitalization is an inevitable choice, especially to keep food security and prevent large-scale poverty.After the reform and opening up, how to treat the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers should be a result of joint efforts.For example, the state comprehensively increases subsidies and support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and further relaxes the restrictions on rural areas. But we can not ignore the leading role of the college entrance examination.At present, we see some rural development, which is actually more related to the college entrance examination.For example, some farmers' children become national cadres through the college entrance examination, leading to better family life. This should be the function of the college entrance examination, not the credit of the contract system. Through many years of college entrance examination accumulation, many rural families children and even almost every family at least one child or some families almost all the children have come out of the farm, driving the family's prosperity.In addition, through the college entrance examination, also transferred part of the rural surplus labor force.In addition, part of the technical personnel in agriculture, is also the result of the college entrance examination.Comprehensively, personally, should be the college entrance examination to promote the role of rural to greater than the role of the family contract system.In fact, the college entrance examination not only promotes the development of rural areas, but also plays a great role in the development of the country.The college entrance examination is one of the most successful system construction of reform and opening up, although the side effects of the college entrance examination are not small, but its positive role is greater.The most important characteristic of the college entrance examination is to reflect the principle of fair competition, which is the greatest good of the college entrance examination.No matter how the system is designed, as long as it meets the principle of fair competition, it is good.For a country, the more the system reflects the principle of fair competition, the more the country's development will be sufficient, and the more stable and prosperous the society will be.My humble opinion is for reference only.OK, thank you, thank you.