摘要：In 1961, Martin Joos, a linguist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, wrote "The Five Clocks", describing five styles or regist

In 1961, Martin Joos, a linguist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, wrote "The Five Clocks", describing five styles or registers of English use.

1961 年，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的语言学家马丁·乔斯 (Martin Joos) 撰写了《五种时钟》，描述了英语使用的五种风格或语域。

Now, this system hasn't changed since Joos just stated it, so while it's a good introduction for the lay reader, don't take it as gospel.

现在， 自从 Joos 刚刚陈述这个系统以来， 它并没有改变，所以虽然它对于普通读者来说是一个很好的介绍，但不要把它当作福音。

Joos proposed five registers for English: Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual and Intimate.

Joos 提出了五个英语语域：冻结、正式、商议、随意和亲密。

Frozen's easy.

冻结形式很简单。

That's quotes that are set in stone.

这些都是一成不变的引言。

For example, from the Bible: "thou shalt not kill".

例如，圣经里有句话：“不可杀人”。

That's frozen.

这就是冻结形式。

Formal is what I'm doing now, although I'm deliberately slipping in occasional casual words and breaks in an effort to build a rapport with you, the viewer.

我现在做的是正式的，尽管我偶尔会故意插入一些随意的话语和停顿，以便与观众建立融洽的关系。

That's probably not working, but hey, I tried.

这可能不起作用，但是，我已经试过了。

Consultative is what might happen in a formal business meeting, or when there's information to transfer: no-one assumes prior knowledge.

协商可能是在正式的商务会议中或者在需要传递信息时发生的事情：没有人会假设事先有知识。

Casual is friends down the pub: there are interruptions, in-jokes, and it's OK if you stumble a lot.

Casual 是酒吧里的朋友：有打断、内部笑话，如果你经常跌跌撞撞也没关系。

And finally, there's Intimate: the private language, including non-verbal cues, that family members and very close friends build up.

最后，还有亲密关系：家庭成员和非常亲密的朋友建立的私人语言，包括非语言暗示。

Everyone slips between each of these registers hundreds of times a day, without thinking about it.

每个人每天都会在这些语域之间切换数百次，而不会想清楚。

We instinctively know which register to use... and on the few times we get it wrong, it's a recipe for social embarrassment.

我们本能地知道该使用哪个语域......而当我们几次出错时， 这会带来社交尴尬。

But what's interesting is that it's not just about how we talk.

但有趣的是，这不仅仅与我们的说话方式有关。

It's not just about using "I'm going to" instead of "Imma": it's about all the words we use.

这不只是用“我要去”代替“Imma”那么简单，这涉及我们使用的所有词语。

The most obvious example in English of how registers change language is in the names for meat.

在英语中，语域如何改变语言的最明显例子是 meat 的名称。

In 1066, the Normans invaded England, and they generally spoke Norman or Picard.

1066年，诺曼人入侵英格兰，他们一般说诺曼语或皮卡德语。

Not that Picard.

不是那个皮卡德。

These were the languages of what is now western France.

这些是现在法国西部的语言。

I'm simplifying a lot here, but over the next couple centuries, they got merged with Anglo-Saxon to make Anglo-Norman... which was spoken amongst the gentry and higher social classes, darling.

我在这里把情况简单化了很多， 但在接下来的几个世纪里，他们与盎格鲁-撒克逊语融合形成了盎格鲁-诺曼语......亲爱的， 这种语言在绅士和上层社会阶层中使用。

So the people who were eating meat more often referred to the food on their plate by the Anglo-Norman boef -- beef -- while those raising the animals referred to them by their Anglo-Saxon name: cow.

因此，吃肉较多的人经常用盎格鲁-诺曼语 boef（牛肉）来称呼他们盘子里的食物，而饲养动物的人则用盎格鲁-撒克逊语来称呼它们：cow。

You'll see that all over.

您将会随处看到这一点。

The complicated words, the fancy words, the words associated with prestige and more formal registers -- they're more likely to be of Norman origin, and to sound French.

复杂的词语、花哨的词语、与声望和更正式的语域相关的词语 —— 它们更有可能源自诺曼语，听起来像法语。

A smell is Anglo-Saxon; an odour is French.

气味 (smell) 是盎格鲁撒克逊语，而香味 (odor) 是法语。

If you order a drink, you're in Anglo-Saxon.

如果您点了一杯饮料，您就说的是盎格鲁-撒克逊语。

Order a beverage, you're in French.

点一杯饮料,你在用法语。

And meanwhile, the Latin and Greek words -- the words of scholars -- generally appear in more technical registers.

与此同时，拉丁语和希腊语词汇——学者的词汇——通常出现在更技术性的语域中。

And then, you have swearing.

然后，你开始骂人。

Brilliant, Anglo-Saxon swearing.

精彩的盎格鲁撒克逊式咒骂。

Some Anglo-Saxon words for body functions became considered rude, when we had the more refined French or Latin words that could describe the same thing less coarsely.

当我们有了更精致的法语或拉丁语词汇，能够更平易近人地描述同一事物时，一些描述身体功能的盎格鲁撒克逊词汇却被认为是粗鲁的。

So, the posh words are French.

因此，这些高雅的词语都是法语。

The rough words are Anglo-Saxon.

这些粗糙的词语是盎格鲁-撒克逊语。

And we switch between them and so many other things without even thinking about it.

我们甚至不需要思考就可以在它们和许多其他事物之间进行切换。

The seeds of linguistic class warfare were sown almost a millennium ago.

语言阶级斗争的种子几乎在一千年前就已经种下。

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[翻译这些字幕？

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