小h漫谈（17）：国际贸易概述

摘要：国际贸易是生产发展到一定历史阶段的产物，它随着生产技术的发展而不断向前发展。自20世纪70年代以来，国际贸易己呈现出货物贸易、技术贸易和服务贸易三位一体、并驾齐驱的发展趋势，特别是技术贸易和服务贸易的发展势头十分迅猛。

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“小h漫谈（17）：国际贸易概述”

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"Xiaoh's Ramblings (17):An Overview of International trade"

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一、思维导图（Mind mapping）

二、精读内容（Intensive Reading Content）

国际贸易是生产发展到一定历史阶段的产物，它随着生产技术的发展而不断向前发展。自20世纪70年代以来，国际贸易己呈现出货物贸易、技术贸易和服务贸易三位一体、并驾齐驱的发展趋势，特别是技术贸易和服务贸易的发展势头十分迅猛。

International trade is a product of production development at a certain historical stage, and it continues to evolve with the advancement of production technology. Since the 1970s, international trade has shown a trend of trilateral and parallel development of goods trade, technology trade, and service trade. In particular, the growth momentum of technology trade and service trade has been very strong.

国际贸易属跨国家、跨地区性质的交易，它虽是国内贸易的延伸，却具有许多不同于国内贸易的特点，其交易环境、交易条件、交易程序、贸易做法及所涉及的问题，都远比国内贸易复杂。国际贸易的特点，概括起来，主要表现在下列几个方面。

International trade is a type of transaction that spans national borders and regions. Although it is an extension of domestic trade, it has many characteristics that are different from those of domestic trade. Its trading environment, conditions, procedures, practices, and the issues involved are all far more complex than those of domestic trade. The characteristics of international trade can be summarized as follows:

（一）国际贸易是一项具有涉外性质的商业活动

International trade is a business activity with a foreign-related nature.

国际贸易的这一特点表明，它不仅是一项经济活动，也是涉外活动的一个方面，因此，在对外交往中，不仅要考虑经济利益，而且还应配合外交活动，体现并贯彻国家对外方针政策，防止出现忽视和违反政策的偏向。在商务运作过程中，要切实按国际规范行事，格守 “重合同、守信用”的原则。在同外商交往和接触时，要讲究礼仪，不卑不亢，落落大方，言谈举止得当，尊重对方民族习惯，以利对外树立和保持良好的形象。

This characteristic of international trade indicates that it is not only an economic activity but also an aspect of foreign-related activities. Therefore, in external interactions, it is necessary to consider not only economic interests but also to coordinate with diplomatic activities, reflect and implement the country's foreign policy, and prevent tendencies to ignore or violate policies. In business operations, it is essential to act in accordance with international norms and adhere to the principle of "honoring contracts and keeping credit." When interacting with foreign business partners, it is important to observe etiquette, be neither servile nor overbearing, be graceful and proper in behavior, and respect the other party's national customs in order to establish and maintain a good image in external interactions.

（二）国际贸易环境错综复杂，变化多端

The international trade environment is intricate and highly variable.

在国际贸易中，交易双方处在不同国家和地区，各国的政治制度、法律体系不同，文化背景互有差异，价值观念也往往有别，在治商交易和履约过程中，涉及各自不同的法律规定、政策措施、贸易惯例和习惯做法，情况千差万别，错综复杂。

In international trade, the trading parties are located in different countries and regions, with diverse political systems, legal systems, cultural backgrounds, and value concepts. In the process of conducting business and fulfilling contracts, various legal provisions, policy measures, trade practices, and customary practices come into play, resulting in a complex and highly variable situation.

（三）国际贸易的风险远比国内贸易大

The risks associated with international trade are much greater than those of domestic trade.

在国际贸易中，交易双方的成交量通常都比国内贸易大，而且交易的商品往往需要通过长途运输，在远距离的运输过程中，可能遇到各种自然灾害、意外事件和其他外来风险，加之国际市场情况复杂、多变，海盗活动猖獗，恐怖分子破坏，从而更加大了国际贸易的风险程度。

In international trade, the trading volume between parties is usually larger than that in domestic trade, and the goods often need to be transported over long distances. During this process, various natural disasters, accidents, and other external risks may occur. Additionally, the complexity and volatility of the international market, rampant piracy, and terrorist activities further increase the level of risk in international trade.

（四）国际贸易线长、面广，中间环节多

International trade involves long chains and broad scopes with many intermediary links.

在国际贸易中，交易双方相距遥远，在开展交易过程中，包括许多中间环节，涉及面很广，除了双方当事人外，还涉及各种中间商、代理商以及为国际贸易服务的商检、仓储、运输、保险、金融、海关等部门，若一个部门、一个环节出现问题，就会影响整笔交易的正常进行。

In international trade, the parties involved are geographically distant from each other. The trading process includes many intermediary links and involves a wide range of participants. In addition to the two parties directly involved, there are also various intermediaries, agents, and departments that provide services for international trade, such as commodity inspection, warehousing, transportation, insurance, finance, and customs. If any department or link encounters a problem, it can affect the normal progress of the entire transaction.

（五）国际贸易中的竞争异常激烈

Competition in international trade is extremely fierce.

在国际贸易中，一直存在着争夺市场的激烈竞争，有时甚至达到白热化的程度。

There has always been intense competition for market share in international trade, sometimes reaching a fever pitch.

竞争的形式虽表现为商品竞争、市场竞争、技术竞争、服务质量竞争，但归根结底，竞争的实质还是人才的竞争。因此，我们必领增强竞争意识，提高国际贸易从业人员的整体素质和竞争能力，才能在国际市场竞争中立于不败之地。

Although competition is manifested in the form of product competition, market competition, technological competition, and service quality competition, the essence of competition ultimately boils down to the competition for talent. Therefore, it is essential to enhance competitive awareness, improve the overall quality and competitive ability of international trade practitioners, in order to remain invincible in the international market competition.

上述特点表明，国际商务活动情况复杂，难度大，加之，国际市场广阔，从业机构和人员情况复杂，故易产生争议和欺诈活动，频繁发生纠纷案件，稍有不慎，即可能受骗上当，甚至蒙受严重的经济损失。这就要求国际贸易从业人员，不仅必须掌握国际贸易的基本原理、基本知识和基本技能与方法，而且还应具备开拓创新的能力，洞察市场、驾驭市场和解决实际问题的能力以及善于应战和随机应变的能力。

The above characteristics indicate that international business activities are complex and challenging. Moreover, given the vastness of the international market and the complex nature of the institutions and personnel involved, disputes and fraudulent activities are more likely to occur. If not careful, one may fall victim to scams and suffer significant economic losses. This requires international trade practitioners to not only master the basic principles, knowledge, and skills of international trade but also possess the ability to innovate and explore, the capability to understand and control the market, and the ability to solve practical problems and adapt to changing circumstances.

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