小一笔记（11）：物流节点的功能与种类

摘要：物流节点在现代物流网络中不仅承担基础的物流职能，更日益发挥着协调管理、调度和信息处理等关键作用。其地位与功能层次决定了它对优化整个物流网络至关重要，因此有时也被称为物流中枢或物流枢纽。

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“小一笔记（11）：物流节点的功能与种类”

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"Xiaoyi Notes (11): Functions and types of logistics nodes"

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物流节点在现代物流网络中不仅承担基础的物流职能，更日益发挥着协调管理、调度和信息处理等关键作用。其地位与功能层次决定了它对优化整个物流网络至关重要，因此有时也被称为物流中枢或物流枢纽。

Logistics nodes in the modern logistics network not only undertake basic logistics functions, but also increasingly play a key role in coordinating management, scheduling and information processing. Its status and functional level determines that it is crucial to optimize the whole logistics network, so it is sometimes called logistics hub or logistics hub.

1.物流节点的核心功能Core functions of logistics nodes

(1)物流处理功能：作为物流系统的重要组成部分，物流节点是仓储保管、集疏转运、流通加工、配送、包装等活动的载体，是完成多种物流功能、提供物流服务的核心场所。

Logistics processing function: as an important part of the logistics system, the logistics node is the carrier of warehousing and storage, collection and transfer, circulation processing, distribution, packaging and other activities, and it is the core place for accomplishing a variety of logistics functions and providing logistics services.

(2)衔接功能：物流节点是物流网络的“关节”，其核心作用在于：连接各条运输线路，构建贯通、复杂的物流网络；整合仓储、运输、加工、搬运、包装等物流活动，实现作业无缝连接。具体衔接形式包括：集疏运输与干线运输、干线运输与干线运输、不同运输方式或同一运输方式间的转换。衔接效率直接影响整个物流系统的效率与效益（例如沃尔玛通过高效的货物对接技术，在降低节点库存的同时控制运输成本）。

Articulation function: logistics nodes are the “joints” of the logistics network, and their core role lies in: connecting various transportation routes to build a coherent and complex logistics network; integrating warehousing, transportation, processing, handling, packaging and other logistics activities to achieve seamless connection of operations. Specific forms of articulation include: collection and transportation and trunk transportation, trunk transportation and trunk transportation, different modes of transportation or conversion between the same mode of transportation. Articulation efficiency directly affects the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire logistics system (e.g., Wal-Mart through efficient cargo docking technology to reduce node inventory while controlling transportation costs).

(3)信息功能：物流节点是物流信息的汇聚、处理与传播中心。每个节点都是一个信息点，众多信息点与物流信息中心共同构建起指挥、调控、管理和调度整个物流系统的信息网络。物流信息网络的规划设计与物流节点网络的规划设计密不可分。

Information function: logistics node is the convergence, processing and dissemination center of logistics information. Each node is an information point, many information points and logistics information center together to build up the command, control, management and scheduling of the entire logistics system information network. The planning and design of logistics information network is inseparable from the planning and design of logistics node network.

(4)管理功能：物流系统的管理设施和机构通常集中设置在物流节点内。从现代物流系统视角看，物流节点是集管理、调度、信息和物流处理功能于一体的综合设施。整个物流系统运转的有序性、合理性和效率高度依赖于节点的管理水平。物流网络规划本身也包含组织结构与管理方式的规划。

Management function: The management facilities and institutions of the logistics system are usually set up centrally in the logistics node. From the perspective of modern logistics system, logistics node is a comprehensive facility integrating management, scheduling, information and logistics processing functions. The order, rationality and efficiency of the operation of the entire logistics system is highly dependent on the management level of the node. Logistics network planning itself also includes the planning of organizational structure and management.

2.物流节点的类型Types of logistics nodes

根据其在物流活动中承担的主要功能（需注意：一个节点可能兼具多种功能，但以其核心功能归类），物流节点可分为三大类：

According to its main functions in logistics activities (note: a node may have multiple functions, but is classified by its core functions), logistics nodes can be divided into three categories:

(1)转运型物流节点：Transit-oriented logistics nodes:

核心功能：连接不同运输方式或相同运输方式，实现货物中转。

Core function: connecting different modes of transportation or the same mode of transportation to achieve cargo transit.

特点：位于运输线路上，货物停留时间短，对实现快速、准时、低成本的物流服务目标至关重要。

Characteristics: Located on transportation routes with short cargo dwell times, it is critical to achieving the goal of fast, on-time, low-cost logistics services.

常见设施：虽具备搬运、装卸、存储、配载及一定流通加工和信息服务功能（与物流中心、配送中心有共性），但其核心在于运输方式的转换。主要类型包括：

Common facilities: although with handling, loading and unloading, storage, distribution and certain circulation processing and information service functions (with logistics centers, distribution centers have commonality), but its core lies in the mode of transport conversion. The main types include:

公路货运站：衔接公路运输的中转设施。

Road freight stations: transit facilities for road transportation.

铁路货运站：衔接铁路运输的中转设施。

Railroad freight stations: transit facilities connecting railroad transportation.

公铁联运站：衔接公路与铁路运输（集货/配送）。

Public-railway intermodal station: bridging road and rail transportation (consolidation/distribution).

港口：衔接不同水路运输方式（海运内河、海运海运、内河内河），通过码头装卸重组或船靠船方式实现转运。

Port: Bridging the different modes of waterway transport (maritime inland waterway, maritime sea transport, inland river inland waterway), transshipment is achieved through terminal loading and unloading reorganization or ship-to-ship.

水陆联运站：衔接水运与陆运（本质上是港口的一种衔接形式）。

Intermodal Terminal: Bridging water and land transportation (essentially a form of port interface).

空运转运站（空港）：衔接不同空中航线或空运与其他运输方式。

Air cargo terminals (airports): connecting different air routes or air transport with other modes of transportation.

综合转运站：衔接两种以上运输方式，结构复杂、功能完善的枢纽。

Integrated transfer stations: hubs that link more than two modes of transportation and have a complex and functional structure.

(2)储存型物流节点：Storage-based logistics nodes:

核心功能：以货物长期或短期储存保管为主。

Core function: Long-term or short-term storage and preservation of goods.

特点：货物停滞时间相对较长。储备仓库、营业仓库、货栈等均属此类。尽管部分仓库职能向流通转化，但物资储备功能对社会经济运行至关重要，将长期存在。

Characteristics: Goods stagnate for a relatively long time. Reserve warehouses, operating warehouses, cargo warehouses, etc., all belong to this category. Despite the transformation of some warehouse functions into circulation, the function of material reserves is crucial to socio-economic operations and will exist for a long time.

仓库分类：Warehouse classification:

按使用对象与权限：自有仓库（企业自用）、营业仓库（社会化经营）、公共仓库（公用事业配套，如铁路/港口站库）。

According to the use of the object and authority: own warehouse (enterprise self-use), business warehouse (socialized operation), public warehouse (public utilities supporting, such as railroad / port station depot).

按结构与构造：平房仓库、楼房仓库（楼库）、高层货架仓库（立体/自动化仓库）、罐式仓库、散装仓库。

According to the structure and construction: cottage warehouse, building warehouse (building warehouse), high-rise rack warehouse (three-dimensional / automated warehouse), tank warehouse, bulk warehouse.

按技术处理与保管方式：普通仓库（常温）、冷藏仓库（控温）、恒温仓库（恒温恒湿）、危险品仓库（特殊防护）。

According to the technical processing and storage mode: ordinary warehouse (room temperature), refrigerated warehouse (temperature control), constant temperature warehouse (constant temperature and humidity), dangerous goods warehouse (special protection).

(3)流通型物流节点：Circulation-based logistics nodes:

核心功能：组织货物的快速流转。

Core function: Organize the rapid flow of goods.

常见设施：Common Facilities:

流通型仓库：除储存外，更强调货物的快速流通。与普通仓库区别显著：

Circulation warehouse: In addition to storage, more emphasis on the rapid circulation of goods. Significantly different from ordinary warehouses:

选址：交通便利地区（普通仓库多在偏远低价区）。

Site selection: convenient transportation areas (ordinary warehouses are mostly in remote and low-priced areas).

周转速度：货物周转快，停滞时间短（普通仓库周转慢）。

Turnaround speed: fast turnaround of goods, short stagnation time (slow turnaround in ordinary warehouses).

内部构造与设备：作业区（进出货、理货）占比大，机械设备多且使用频繁，通道宽阔（普通仓库以存储面积为主）。

Internal structure and equipment: a large proportion of the operating area (in and out of the goods, goods handling), a lot of mechanical equipment and frequent use, wide aisles (ordinary warehouses are mainly storage area).

集货中心：将分散的小批量货物集中为大货流。

Consolidation centers: Centralize dispersed small-volume goods into a large cargo flow.

分货中心：将大批量货物分拆处理，满足小批量、多频次需求。

Splitting Center: Splitting and processing of large quantities of goods to meet the needs of small quantities and multi-frequency.

加工中心：以流通加工为核心功能，常兼具工厂与仓库职能。

Processing Center: Distribution processing as the core function, often both factories and warehouses.

配送中心：执行实物配送的核心节点，具备拣选、配货、检验、分类及多品种、小批量、多批次收货配送功能，常含简单流通加工（贴标、包装）。在现代物流中地位重要。

Distribution center: the core node of physical distribution, with picking, allocation, inspection, classification and multi-species, small batch, multi-batch receiving and distribution functions, often containing simple circulation processing (labeling, packaging). Important position in modern logistics.

物流中心：综合性物流场所，集配送中心功能与货物运输中转功能于一体。

Logistics Center: A comprehensive logistics facility that combines the functions of a distribution center and cargo transportation transit.

物流园区：多个物流（配送）中心或各类物流企业集中布局的大型社会化公共空间，是多种运输方式汇合、物流产业集聚发展的大型综合转运枢纽。

Logistics Park: A large-scale socialized public space where multiple logistics (distribution) centers or various logistics enterprises are centrally located, a large-scale integrated transit hub where multiple modes of transportation converge and the logistics industry develops in a concentrated manner.

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