学越千山：生产运作的总体战略

摘要：自制：企业自行生产产品或提供服务的过程。自制越多，企业倾向于实现垂直一体化，即企业在生产过程中涉及原材料采购、生产制造、销售等多个环节，形成完整的产业链。垂直一体化有助于企业控制生产成本、保证产品质量，但也可能增加管理复杂性和固定成本。

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Learning over a thousand mountains：Overall strategy of production operation，

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思维导图

Mind mapping

一、自制与外包

I. Self-made and outsourcing

自制：企业自行生产产品或提供服务的过程。自制越多，企业倾向于实现垂直一体化，即企业在生产过程中涉及原材料采购、生产制造、销售等多个环节，形成完整的产业链。垂直一体化有助于企业控制生产成本、保证产品质量，但也可能增加管理复杂性和固定成本。

Self-production: The process of producing products or providing services by enterprises themselves. The more self-made, the more inclined the enterprise is to achieve vertical integration, that is, the enterprise involves multiple links such as raw material procurement, manufacturing, and sales in the production process, forming a complete industrial chain. Vertical integration helps companies control production costs and ensure product quality, but it may also increase management complexity and fixed costs.

外包：企业将部分或全部生产过程委托给外部供应商完成。外包越多，企业倾向于实现水平一体化，即企业通过与其他企业合作，形成松散的合作网络。水平一体化有助于企业降低成本、提高灵活性，但可能牺牲对生产过程的直接控制。

Outsourcing: An enterprise entrusts part or all of its production process to an external supplier for completion. The more outsourcing, the more likely a company is to achieve horizontal integration, that is, by collaborating with other companies, a company forms a loose collaborative network. Horizontal integration can help companies reduce costs and improve flexibility, but it may sacrifice direct control over the production process.

二、产品结构和产业结构的选择

II. Selection of product structure and industrial structure

企业应根据市场需求、自身能力和资源情况，选择合适的产品结构和产业结构。这包括确定生产哪些产品、生产多少、如何生产等问题。

Enterprises should choose appropriate product structures and industrial structures based on market demand, their own capabilities, and resource conditions. This includes determining which products to produce, how much to produce, and how to produce them.

三、组织生产是预测驱动还是订单驱动

III. Is production organized by forecast or order

预测驱动：企业根据市场需求预测来组织生产。其优点包括及时响应市场需求、实现均衡生产、降低成本等。但缺点是可能无法满足个性化需求，且由于预测误差可能导致生产盲目、产品堆积。

Prediction-driven: Enterprises organize production based on market demand forecasts. Its advantages include timely response to market demand, balanced production, and cost reduction. However, the disadvantage is that it may not be able to meet personalized needs, and due to prediction errors, it may lead to blind production and product accumulation.

订单驱动：企业根据客户订单来组织生产。其优点包括满足个性化需求、无积压、无库存成本、需求信息准确等。但缺点是订货周期长，可能影响客户满意度。

Order-driven: Enterprises organize production based on customer orders. Its advantages include meeting personalized needs, no backlog, no inventory costs, and accurate demand information. However, the disadvantage is the long lead time, which may affect customer satisfaction.

四、高效供应链与敏捷供应链

IV. Efficient Supply Chain and Agile Supply Chain

高效供应链：适用于品种少、产量高、可预见的市场环境。高效供应链强调成本控制、流程优化和库存管理，以实现生产效率和成本效益的最大化。

Efficient supply chain: suitable for market environments with few varieties, high production, and predictable conditions. An efficient supply chain emphasizes cost control, process optimization, and inventory management to maximize production efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

敏捷供应链：适用于品种多、产量少、难以预见的市场环境。敏捷供应链强调灵活性、快速响应和客户需求驱动，以适应多变的市场环境。

Agile supply chain: suitable for market environments with many varieties, low production volume, and unpredictability. Agile supply chain emphasizes flexibility, rapid response, and customer demand-driven to adapt to the changing market environment.

五、配送网络的选择

V. Selection of distribution network

制造商存货加直送：制造商直接向客户发货，适用于小规模、高价值的产品。

Manufacturer inventory plus direct delivery: The manufacturer directly ships products to customers, which is suitable for small-scale, high-value products.

制造商存货、直送、并货：制造商先向客户发货，若需要多个产品则进行并货处理，适用于定制化产品。

Manufacturer inventory, direct delivery, and consolidation: The manufacturer first ships products to the customer, and if multiple products are required, they are consolidated for processing. This is suitable for customized products.

分销商存货加承运人交付：分销商负责存货和发货，适用于大规模、标准化产品。

Distributor inventory plus carrier delivery: The distributor is responsible for inventory and shipping, which is suitable for large-scale, standardized products.

分销商存货加到户交付：分销商负责存货，并通过快递等方式直接将产品送达客户手中，适用于电商等模式。

Distributor inventory plus home delivery: The distributor is responsible for inventory and directly delivers products to customers through express delivery and other methods, which is suitable for e-commerce and other models.

制造商或分销商存货+顾客自提：客户自行前往制造商或分销商处提取产品，适用于低成本、高频率的配送需求。

Manufacturer or distributor inventory + customer self-pickup: Customers go to the manufacturer or distributor to pick up products themselves, which is suitable for low-cost, high-frequency distribution needs.

零售商存货+顾客自提：零售商负责存货，客户自行前往零售商处购买并提取产品，适用于日常消费品等。Retailer inventory + customer self-pickup: The retailer is responsible for inventory, and customers purchase and pick up products at the retailer's location. This is suitable for everyday consumer goods.

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翻译：百度翻译

参考资料：百度百科，