摘要：IaWhewelliteDietary hyperoxaluria, low diuresis, intermittent moderate hyperoxaluria, Randall’s plaqueIbWhewelliteStasis, low diur
Table 1 Daudon’s morpho-constitutional classification of kidney stones, main characteristics and corresponding etiologies
From: “Trust my morphology”, the key message from a kidney stone
IaWhewelliteDietary hyperoxaluria, low diuresis, intermittent moderate hyperoxaluria, Randall’s plaqueIbWhewelliteStasis, low diuresis, crystalline conversion from weddellite to whewelliteIcWhewellitePrimary hyperoxalurias (mainly AGXT type 1 mutation)IdWhewelliteMalformative uropathy, stasis and confined multiple stonesIeWhewelliteEnteric hyperoxaluria, inflammatory (Crohn disease), ileal resections, chronic pancreatitisIIaWeddelliteHypercalciuria with high calcium/citrate ratioIIbWeddelliteHypercalciuria ± hyperoxaluria ± hypocitraturia, stasis, low diuresisIIcWeddelliteHypercalciuria + malformative uropathy + stasis and confined multiples stonesIIIaUric acids anhydrousLow urine pH, intermittent high Uric acid, urine stasis, prostate hypertrophyIIIbUric acid dihydrate ± uric acid anhydrousUrate saltsLow urine pH (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus), high urinary uric acid, ammoniogenesis defect, hyperuricemia, myelo- and lymphoproliferative disordersIIIcAmmonium hydrogen urateHigh urinary urate, alkaline urine pHIIIdAmmonium hydrogen urateHigh urinary urate, alkaline urine pH, malnutrition, low phosphate intake, excessive ammoniagenesis (infectieuse-urinary tract infection by urea-splitting micro-organisms or nutritional)
Chronic diarrhea, electrolytes and alkali loss, low phosphate intake, laxative abuse, anorexiaIVa1CarbapatiteHypercalciuria, urinary tract infection see carbonatation rate of carbonated calcium phosphateIVa2CarbapatiteInherited or acquired distal renal tubular acidosis, Sjogren syndrome, medullary sponge kidneyIVbCarbapatite + other calcium phosphates (± struvite)Urinary tract infection, hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidismIVcStruviteUrinary tract infection by urea-splitting bacteriaIVdBrushiteHypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, phosphate leak,Va
VbCystine
CystineCystinuria
Cystinuria + inadequate diet and/or medical management + stasisVIa
VIb
VIcProteins
Proteins + drugs or metabolic compounds
Proteins + whewelliteUrinary tract infection, chronic pyelonephritis
Example of drug-induced stone (mixture of proteins and atanazavir)
End stage renal failure + relatively high urinary calcium concentration (long term calcium and Vitamin D therapy)VIIMiscellaneous
来源：医学镜界一点号
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