越览（90）——精读期刊论文的2历史

摘要：This tweet will introduce the history of the journal paper"Improving emergency responsiveness with management science" from three

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今天小编为大家带来“越览（90）——精读期刊论文

《Improving emergency responsiveness with

management science》的2历史”。

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Today, the editor brings you the

＂Yue Lan (90)：Intensive reading of the journal article＇Improving emergency responsiveness with

management science: 2 History＇＂.

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一、内容摘要（Summary of content）

本期推文将从思维导图、精读内容、知识补充三个方面介绍期刊论文《Improving emergency responsiveness with management science》的历史。

This tweet will introduce the history of the journal paper"Improving emergency responsiveness with management science" from three aspects: mind mapping, intensive reading content, and knowledge supplementation.

二、思维导图（Mind mapping）

三、精读内容（Intensive reading content）

本节首先描述了20世纪60年代末美国的社会动荡和公共问题的背景，包括犯罪率上升、1968年马丁·路德·金遇刺后的内乱、反越南战争抗议以及大学运动。同时，还提到了一些人对计算机模型和数学分析在解决公共政策问题方面的潜力充满乐观，尤其是在阿波罗太空任务的成功背景下，人们开始提出用类似的分析思维来解决社会问题。

This section begins by describing the context of social unrest and public issues in the United States in the late 1960s, including rising crime rates, civil unrest following the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968, anti-Vietnam War protests, and college movements. It also mentions the optimism about the potential of computer models and mathematical analysis to solve public policy problems, especially in the context of the success of the Apollo space missions, when people began to propose similar analytical thinking to solve social problems.

接着介绍了两项在公共安全和应急服务领域具有重要影响的政治举措。首先，林登·约翰逊总统于1965年成立了总统执法和司法管理委员会，回应巴里·戈德华特对犯罪的指控。委员会的科学和技术工作组由阿尔弗雷德·布卢姆斯坦领导，旨在研究如何利用计算机建模和科技打击犯罪。其次，兰德公司最初作为军事智库，参与了美国空军的运筹学研究，到了60年代末，它扩展了研究领域，开始涉及电信、教育、人力资源和能源等国内政策研究。

Then, two political initiatives that had important consequences in the field of public safety and emergency services were introduced. First, President Lyndon Johnson established the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1965 in response to Barry Goldwater's allegations of crime. The Commission's Science and Technology Working Group, led by Alfred Blumstein, was designed to study how computer modeling and technology could be used to combat crime. Second, RAND Corporation, which started out as a military think tank and participated in operations research for the U.S. Air Force, expanded its research areas by the late 1960s to include domestic policy research in telecommunications, education, human resources, and energy.

最后，作者介绍到1966年，约翰·林赛当选纽约市市长后实施政府改革，精简机构并聘用管理人员。预算主管弗雷德里克·海耶斯推动创建一个类似兰德公司的机构来解决城市问题，最终与兰德公司达成合作，成立纽约市兰德公司研究所（NYCRI）。初期研究集中在消防、住房、警察和卫生服务等领域。然而，政治环境复杂，兰德公司面临来自市政官员、工会和媒体的强烈反对。市议会要求参与研究议程，工会批评其反工人，左翼评论员则批评其效率至上的方法。尽管取得了一些成功，兰德公司在市政厅外缺乏支持，且常常面临信用和责任归属的争议。

Finally, the author introduces that in 1966, after John Lindsay was elected mayor of New York City, he implemented government reforms, streamlined agencies and hired managers. Budget Director Frederick Hayes pushed for the creation of an agency similar to RAND to solve urban problems, and eventually reached a cooperation with RAND to establish the New York City RAND Corporation Research Institute (NYCRI). Initial research focused on areas such as fire protection, housing, police and health services. However, the political environment was complex and RAND faced strong opposition from municipal officials, unions and the media. The City Council demanded to participate in the research agenda, unions criticized it for being anti-worker, and left-wing commentators criticized its efficiency-first approach. Despite some successes, RAND lacked support outside City Hall and often faced disputes over credit and responsibility.

四、知识补充（Knowledge supplement）

运筹学的发展背景可以追溯到20世纪初，其起源与工业化进程、战争需求以及对效率和资源优化的追求密切相关。19世纪的数学家们，如欧拉和傅立叶，已在数学优化和决策理论方面做出了一些开创性贡献，为运筹学的形成提供了理论基础。随着工业革命的推进，资源分配和成本优化的问题变得愈加突出，而这些问题的解决需要数学和科学的支持。

The development of operations research can be traced back to the early 20th century. Its origins are closely related to the industrialization process, war needs, and the pursuit of efficiency and resource optimization. Mathematicians in the 19th century, such as Euler and Fourier, have made some pioneering contributions in mathematical optimization and decision theory, providing a theoretical basis for the formation of operations research. With the advancement of the industrial revolution, the problems of resource allocation and cost optimization have become more prominent, and the solution of these problems requires the support of mathematics and science.

真正使运筹学成为一门独立学科的契机发生在第二次世界大战期间，尤其是在军事领域。为了提高战争效率，运筹学方法被广泛应用于军事资源配置、运输、后勤支持和战术规划中。例如，英国皇家空军通过运筹学分析优化了飞机的维修流程，从而提高了战斗机的作战效率；美国军方则在弹药运输、战斗机航线设计等方面采用了运筹学模型。

The opportunity for operations research to become an independent discipline occurred during World War II, especially in the military field. In order to improve the efficiency of war, operations research methods were widely used in military resource allocation, transportation, logistics support and tactical planning. For example, the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom optimized the aircraft maintenance process through operations research analysis, thereby improving the combat efficiency of fighter jets; the US military adopted operations research models in ammunition transportation, fighter route design and other aspects.

战后的几十年里，随着计算机技术的进步，运筹学得到了进一步的扩展和应用，尤其是在商业、工业和政府管理领域。在这一时期，兰德公司和麻省理工学院等机构成为推动运筹学应用的关键力量，解决了包括战略决策、资源分配等复杂问题。

In the decades after the war, with the advancement of computer technology, operations research was further expanded and applied, especially in business, industry, and government management. During this period, institutions such as RAND Corporation and MIT became key forces in promoting the application of operations research, solving complex problems including strategic decision-making and resource allocation.

进入1970年代，运筹学逐渐发展成为一个跨学科的领域，融合了数学、计算机科学、经济学、工程学等多个学科，涉及到线性规划、整数规划、动态规划、网络流优化等方法。随着全球化和信息技术的发展，运筹学的应用范围也不断扩大，涵盖了生产管理、供应链优化、金融、医疗、能源等多个行业。尤其是21世纪以来，随着大数据、人工智能和机器学习的兴起，运筹学与现代计算技术结合，推动了更加智能化的决策支持系统。今天，运筹学不仅仅应用于优化问题的求解，更是推动各行各业创新和提升效率的关键工具。

In the 1970s, operations research gradually developed into an interdisciplinary field, integrating multiple disciplines such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and engineering, involving methods such as linear programming, integer programming, dynamic programming, and network flow optimization. With the development of globalization and information technology, the application scope of operations research has continued to expand, covering multiple industries such as production management, supply chain optimization, finance, medical care, and energy. Especially since the 21st century, with the rise of big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, operations research has been combined with modern computing technology to promote more intelligent decision support systems. Today, operations research is not only used to solve optimization problems, but is also a key tool to promote innovation and improve efficiency in all walks of life.

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