摘要:主谓一致是指在英语句子中,主语和谓语在人称和数上要保持一致。即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词则用复数形式。
主谓一致的含义
主谓一致是指在英语句子中,主语和谓语在人称和数上要保持一致。即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词则用复数形式。
主谓一致的原因
- 遵循语法规则,使句子结构正确、逻辑清晰,符合英语语言的表达习惯,让读者或听者能准确理解句子的意思。
- 有助于体现句子的主语和谓语之间的正确对应关系,避免产生歧义或误解。
主谓一致的情况及举例
语法形式一致
- 单数主语+单数谓语动词:The book is on the table.(这本书在桌子上。)
- 复数主语+复数谓语动词:The students are playing basketball.(学生们正在打篮球。)
- 不可数名词作主语+单数谓语动词:Water is important for us.(水对我们很重要。)
- 集体名词作主语,视为整体时+单数谓语动词:Our class is very big.(我们的班级很大。)
- 集体名词作主语,强调个体成员时+复数谓语动词:My family are all at home.(我的家人都在家。)
- 以-s结尾的学科名词作主语+单数谓语动词:physics is not easy to learn.(物理不容易学。)
- 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语+单数谓语动词:Measles is a kind of infectious disease.(麻疹是一种传染病。)
- 用and连接的两个单数名词作主语,指同一人或物时+单数谓语动词:The singer and dancer is very famous.(这位歌手兼舞者非常有名。)
- 用and连接的两个单数名词作主语,指不同的人或物时+复数谓语动词:Tom and Jerry are good friends.(汤姆和杰瑞是好朋友。)
- 由both…and…连接的主语+复数谓语动词:Both my father and my mother are teachers.(我的父亲和母亲都是老师。)
意义一致
- 主语形式为单数,但意义为复数时+复数谓语动词:The police are looking for the thief.(警察正在寻找小偷。)
- 主语形式为复数,但意义为单数时+单数谓语动词:Three years is a long time.(三年是很长的时间。)
- 集合名词作主语,强调整体概念时+单数谓语动词:The audience was very excited.(观众非常兴奋。)
- 集合名词作主语,强调个体成员时+复数谓语动词:The team are arguing about the plan.(队员们正在争论这个计划。)
- 单复数同形的名词作主语,根据意义确定谓语动词的单复数:This kind of deer is very rare.(这种鹿非常罕见。)
- “the+形容词”表示一类人时+复数谓语动词:The old are taken good care of in our society.(老年人在我们的社会中受到很好的照顾。)
- “the+形容词”表示抽象概念时+单数谓语动词:The beautiful is always attractive.(美总是有吸引力的。)
- 分数、百分数作主语,根据of后的名词确定谓语动词的单复数:Two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water.(地球表面的三分之二被水覆盖。)
- “a number of+复数名词”作主语+复数谓语动词:A number of students are planting trees.(许多学生正在种树。)
- “the number of+复数名词”作主语+单数谓语动词:The number of the students in our class is fifty.(我们班学生的数量是五十。)
就近一致
- 由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在人称和数上保持一致:Either you or he is wrong.(要么你错了,要么他错了。)
- There be句型中,be动词的单复数形式与靠近它的主语在人称和数上保持一致:There is a book and two pens on the desk.(桌子上有一本书和两支钢笔。)
- 当主语后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as等连接的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致:The teacher with his students is having a party.(老师和他的学生们正在举行聚会。)
- “half of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:Half of the apples are bad.(一半的苹果坏了。)
- “most of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:Most of the water is polluted.(大部分水被污染了。)
- “some of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:Some of the boys are playing football.(一些男孩正在踢足球。)
- “none of+名词”作主语,谓语动词的单复数形式可根据具体语境确定:None of the students is/are in the classroom.(没有一个学生在教室里。)
“none of + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词单复数形式的确定方法如下:
强调个体
当强调“none of + 名词”中的每一个个体都不具有某种特征或行为时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如“None of the students was late for school today.”(今天没有一个学生上学迟到。)这里着重描述的是每一个学生的到校情况,强调个体,所以用单数形式“was”。
强调整体
当强调“none of + 名词”所指代的整体概念,表示“……中没有一个”,整体上都不具备某种情况时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如“None of the books were interesting to him.”(这些书没有一本让他感兴趣。)此句强调的是所有书作为一个整体都不令他感兴趣,所以用复数形式“were”。
特殊情况
当“none of + 名词”作主语,且名词为不可数名词时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如“None of the water is left in the bottle.”(瓶子里没有水了。)
- “all of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:All of the money is mine.(所有的钱都是我的。)
- “lots of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:Lots of people are waiting for the bus.(许多人正在等公共汽车。)
- “plenty of+名词”作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致:Plenty of time is left.(还剩下很多时间。)
以下是 20 道主谓一致的二选一练习题:
1. Either the students or the teacher ______ going to clean the classroom. (is / are)
2. A number of books ______ missing from the library. (is / are)
3. The news ______ very exciting. (is / are)
4. My family ______ a big one. (is / are)
5. Physics ______ not an easy subject for some students. (is / are)
6. The police ______ looking for the lost child. (is / are)
7. There ______ a pen and two pencils on the desk. (is / are)
8. The pair of shoes ______ mine. (is / are)
9. Neither you nor he ______ right. (is / are)
10. The team ______ made up of 11 players. (is / are)
11. Ten dollars ______ not a lot of money. (is / are)
12. The old ______ respected in our society. (is / are)
13. All of the work ______ finished. (is / are)
14. Most of the students ______ passed the exam. (has / have)
15. The number of people in the city ______ increasing. (is / are)
16. Her clothes ______ very beautiful. (is / are)
17. This kind of car ______ made in Japan. (is / are)
18. A lot of water ______ wasted every day. (is / are)
19. The committee ______ having a meeting. (is / are)
20. The singer and dancer ______ on the stage. (is / are)
答案:
1. is
2. are
3. is
4. is
5. is
6. are
7. is
8. is
9. is
10. is
11. is
12. are
13. is
14. have
15. is
16. are
17. is
18. is
19. is
20. is
解析:
1. “either...or...”连接主语,谓语与靠近的“the teacher”一致,用 is。
2. “a number of + 复数名词”作主语,谓语用复数 are。
3. “news”是不可数名词,谓语用 is。
4. 这里“family”表示家庭整体,谓语用 is。
5. “physics”学科名词,谓语用 is。
6. “police”表示警察群体,谓语用 are。
7. There be 句型就近原则,与“a pen”一致,用 is。
8. “the pair of...”作主语,谓语用 is。
9. “neither...nor...”连接主语,谓语与靠近的“he”一致,用 is。
10. “team”表示整体概念,谓语用 is。
11. 表示时间、金钱等作主语,谓语用单数 is。
12. “the old”表示老人这一类人,谓语用 are。
13. “all of the work”不可数,谓语用 is。
14. “most of the students”复数,谓语用 have。
15. “the number of...”作主语,谓语用 is。
16. “clothes”复数,谓语用 are。
17. “this kind of...”作主语,谓语用 is。
18. “water”不可数,谓语用 is。
19. “committee”表示整体,谓语用 is。
20. “the singer and dancer”指同一人,谓语用 is。
来源:大明哥杂谈